Particle physics is a branch of physics that studies the elementary subatomic constituents of particles of matter and radiation, and the interactions between them. He is also called high energy physics, because many elementary particles do not occur under normal circumstances in nature, but can be created and detected during energetic collisions of other particles, as is done in particle accelerators.
Subatomic Particles
Advanced particle physics research is focused on the Sub-Atomic particles, including atomic constituents such as electrons, protons, and neutrons (protons and neutrons are actually composite particles made up of quarks), particles produced by radioactive and scattering processes, such as photons, neutrinos, and muons, as well as a wide range of exotic particles.
Actually, the term particle is a misnomer because the dynamics of particle physics are governed by quantum mechanics. As such, they exhibit wave-particle duality, such as particles in the experiment and conditions such as seubah in wave conditions other circumstances (more technically they are described by State vectors in a Hilbert space; see quantum field theory). Following the Convention of particle physicists, "elementary particles" refer to objects such as electrons and photons and "particles" display wave-like properties as well.
All the particles and their interactions were observed until the present can be described entirely by a quantum field theory called the standard Model. The standard Model has 17 species of elementary particles: 12 fermions (24 if you count antiparticles separately), 4 vector bosons (5 If you count antiparticles separately), and 1 scalar bosons. This basic particles can combine to form composite particles, which now reach hundreds of its kind since the first composite particle found in the 1960s. the standard Model has been found to conform to almost any test experiments conducted at the moment. However, most particle physicists believe that this model is still not able to give a complete explanation of nature, and that there is a more fundamental theory. In recent years, the size of the neutrino mass have provided the first experimental deviations from the standard Model.
History
The idea that all matter is composed of elementary particles starting from at least the 6th century BC philosophical doctrine of atomism and the nature of elementary particles were studied by Philosophers of ancient Greece such as Democritus, Epicurus and Democritus, philosophers of ancient India such as Dignaga and Dharmakirti, Canada; medieval scientists such as Alhazen, Avicenna and Algazel; and early European modern physicists such as Pierre Gassendi, Robert Boyle and Isaac Newton. Particle theory of light was also proposed by Alhazen, Avicenna, Gassendi and Newton. Early ideas were founded in abstract, philosophical reasoning rather than experimentation and empirical observation.
In the 19th century, John Dalton, through his work on stoichiometry, concluded that every natural element is composed of one type of particle that is unique. Dalton and his contemporaries believed these were the fundamental particles of nature and thus named them atoms, from the word Greece atomos, meaning "indivisible". However, near the end of the century, physicists discovered that the atom is apparently not fundamental particles of nature, but a combination of particles smaller particle. Research of nuclear physics and quantum physics in the early 20th century culminated in proofs of nuclear fission in 1939 by Lise Meitner (based on experiments by Otto Hahn), and nuclear fusion by Hans Bethe in the same year. These discoveries gave rise to an active industry for generating one atom from another, possibly even doing (although not profitable) the transmutation of lead into gold. They also lead to the development of nuclear weapons. Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, various particle Scattering experiments found that referred to as the "particle Zoo". This term has been abandoned after the formulation of the standard Model during the 1970s in which a large number of particles, it is described as a combination of a number of fundamental particles.
Field theory
Field theory is a theory of physics to study the dynamics of elementary particles by assuming the particles as the terrain.
Colloidal systems (hereinafter abbreviated as "colloid") is a form of mixed system (dispersion) of two or more substances that are homogeneous the dispersed particle size but it has a fairly large (1-100 nm), and thus exposed to the effects of Tyndall. The dispersed particles of homogeneous mean are not affected by the force of gravity or other forces imposed on him; so there happen to precipitation, for example. This homogeneous properties also owned by aqueous solution, but is not owned by a mixture of regular (suspension).
Colloids are easily found everywhere: milk, agar-agar, ink, shampoo, and the clouds are examples of Colloids can be found everyday. The cytoplasm within the cell is also a colloidal system. A separate study into colloidal chemistry in the chemical industry due to its importance.
All kinds of Colloids
Colloids have varied shapes, depending on the phase of a substance pendispersi and terdispersinya substances. Some types of Colloids:
Aerosols that have substance pendispersi in the form of gas. Aerosol liquid dispersed substances that have called liquid aerosols (e.g.: fog and clouds) while having a solid dispersed substances called solid aerosols (example: smoke and dust in the air).
Sol colloid of solid particles dispersed in the liquid. (Example: the river water, sol, sol SOAP detergent and ink).
Colloid emulsion of liquid substances dispersed in the liquid, but the liquid substance that both not mutually dissolve. (Example: coconut milk, milk, mayonaise, and fish oil).
Colloidal Systems from scum gas dispersed in a liquid. (Example: the processing metal ores, fire extinguishers, cosmetics and others).
Rigid colloid Gel or half solid and half the liquid. (Example: gelatin, glue).
Properties of Colloids
Tyndall Effect
Tyndall effect is the phenomenon of scattering x-ray beam (of light) by colloidal particles. This is because the molecular size of Colloids. Tyndall effect was discovered by John Tyndall (1820-1893), a United Kingdom physicist. Therefore it is called the tyndall effect properties.
Tyndall effect is an effect that occurs when an aqueous solution exposed to sunlight. At the time of the true solution irradiated with light, then the solution will not scatter light, whereas in Kolo, the light will be dissipated. It happened because the colloidal particles have particles that are relatively large in order to scatter the light. Instead, the true solution, particles-partikelnya is relatively small so that the scattering that occurs just a little bit and it is very difficult to observe.
Brownian Motion
Brownian motion is the motion of colloidal particles are always moving straight but uncertain (random motion/irregular). If we observe the colloid under ultra microscope, then we will see that these particles will move in a zigzag form. This zigzag movement called Brownian motion. The particles of a substance are always moving. The movement can be random as in liquid and gas substances (called Brownian motion), while on the solid beroszillasi on-site only (not including Brownian motion). For colloids with medium pendispersi liquid or gaseous substances, the movement of the particles will produce collisions with colloidal particles itself. The collision took place from all directions. Because the particle size is small enough, then the collision happened is likely to be unbalanced. So there is a resultant collisions which cause changes of direction of motion of the particle motion so zigzag or Brownian motion.
The smaller the particle size of colloids, the faster the Brownian motion that occurs. Similarly, the larger size of colloidal particles, Brownian motion, the slower going. This explains why the motion hard Brown observed in solution and is not found in the heterogeneous mixture of liquid with solids (suspension). Brownian motion is also affected by temperature. The higher the temperature of the colloidal system, then the greater the kinetic energy of the particles of the medium belongs to the pendispersinya. As a result, Brownian motion of particles terdispersinya phase more quickly. And vice versa, the lower the temperature of the colloidal system, Brownian motion is getting slower.
Adsorption
Adsorption is a occasion of absorption of particles or ions or other compounds on the surface of colloidal particles caused by the surface area of the particle. (Note: Adsorption with absorption must be distinguished from the means of absorption that occurs inside a particle). Example: (i) Colloidal Fe (OH) 3 is because the surface absorbs positively charged H + ions. (ii) the negatively charged Colloidal As2S3 because their surface absorb ion S2.
The charge of Colloids
Known two kinds of colloids, which are positively charged colloidal and negatively charged colloid.
Coagulation of Colloids
Colloidal particles clotting is coagulation and form a sediment. With the onset of coagulation, the dispersed substances means no longer form a colloid. Coagulation can occur physically like heating, cooling and stirring or chemically like the addition of electrolytes, colloidal mixing of different payloads.
Protective colloid
Protective colloid colloids is having other colloids can protect nature of the process of coagulation.
Dialysis
Dialysis is the separation of Colloids from ions of a bully in this way is called the process of dialysis. That is to drain the fluid mixed with colloidal semi permeable membrane through which functions as a filter. This semi permeable membrane can be bypassed the liquid but can not be bypassed, so Colloids and colloid liquid will split up.
Electrophoresis
Elektroferesis is a colloidal particle separation events charge by using an electric current.
Reviewed from the perspective of physics, every physical system conceived (Alternately, storing) amounts of energy; How exactly is determined by taking the sum of a number of specific expressions, each of which is designed to measure the energy stored in particular. In General, the presence of observers is known by every energy there is a change of the nature of the object or system. There is no uniform way to show energy.
Unit
SI and related units
The SI unit for energy is the joule's work and (J), named in honor of James Prescott Joule and his experiments in mechanical heat equation. In more basic terms 1 joule equals 1 newton-metre and, in terms of the SI base units, 1 J equal to 1 kg m2 s − 2.
Work is defined as "an integral limit" as far as the force F s
Kinetic energy
Kinetic energy is the energy associated with the motion of an object.
Potential energy
In contrast to the kinetic energy, which is energy due to the motion of a system, or the internal movement of particle, the potential energy of a system is the energy associated with the space configuration of its components and their interactions with each other. The number of particles that emit the style to each other automatically form a system with potential energy. The styles, for example, can arise from electrostatic interactions (see Coulomb's law), or gravity.
Internal energy
Internal energy is the kinetic energy associated with the motion of the molecules, and the potential energy associated with the vibrational and electric energy of rotation of the atoms in the molecule. The internal energy as energy is a function of the circumstances that can be calculated in a system.
