A Brief History Of The Development Of Oceanography
Preliminary information about the main ocean exploration and trade comes from thousands of years ago. Cruise-cruise that leaves little written information. The Polynesian nation has embarked on a trip to the Pacific to trade around 4000 BC They learn from the experience of ocean sailing. Note the first voyage made by the Pharaoh Snefru around 3200 b.c. In 2750 BC Hannu led an expedition of exploration was first documented from Egypt to the southern Arabian peninsula and the Red Sea.
Some travel the ocean then carried out in the 15th century. The voyage of continents and managed to find the Islands recently. After that, the researchers began to follow their footsteps. Researchers began conducting research on the wind pasat, gulf stream, monsoon and so on.
The first recorded scientific investigations carried out in the 17th century. Edmond Halley started the investigation system of ocean currents and wind in 1685. After that other theories began to appear such as wind theory pasat, UPS and downs, the meridional circulation of the sea, and others. In 1751, Henry Ellis found the cold water below the surface layer. This shows the water coming from the polar regions. From 1768-1779, Captain James Cook had done three times. One of the successes of their voyage is he made a sounding in the depths of up to 400 m (1300 ft) and to obtain the accurate observations of winds, currents and water temperature. His observation is accurate providing much valuable information that he was named as one of the founders of Oceanography. In the United States, Benjamin Franklin, a head post office succeeded in making the first map of the Gulf Stream using information that has been collected by sailing his cousin Timothy Folger, in 1769. Because the data is extremely valuable, being a cruise later in 1847, Matthew Fontaine Maury set international exchange environmental data practices, commercial log book to map and graph that is obtained from the data.
The akuratnya charts and more information going Ocean made many people interested in mengeksplornya. Charles Darwin joined in the research ship the Beagle and became a naturalist from 1831-1836. He described, collect and classify organisms from land and sea. His theories about the formation of atolls is still accepted today. After that research-research on marine life and organisms in water is continuously performed.
Oceanographic exploration continues to grow from time to time. In 1873, the Mariners started doing data gathering observations of wind, currents, waves, temperature and other phenomena that can be observed from the deck of the ship. This became the beginning of the development of the Surface Oceanography. In 1873-1914, the Deep-Sea Exploration Expedition initiated through to examine the condition of the surface and sub-surface. Second time this became the beginning of systematic studies of biology, chemistry, and physics of the ocean known as the Challenger Expedition (1872-1876)
In the early 20th century established the Marine Biological Laboratory, University of California. In 1910-1913, Vilhelm Bjerknes published a book with the title the Dynamic Meteorology and Hydrography that laid the cornerstone of Geophysical Fluid Dynamics. In that book, he developed the idea of fronts, dynamic, geostropik flow meter, air-sea interaction, and also the storm. The Systematic National Surveys began in 1925-1940 through detailed research on the area's colonization. Then in 1947-1956, the New Methods, start to do research using new tools, such as seismic research. At this time, theories such as the circulation of the ocean and the Equatorial undercurrent in the Pacific expressed. Later in 1957 to 1978, the International Cooperation begins with doing research and learning process of the multinational Ocean. Theory of circulation published Stommel in the sea. While Kirk Bryan and Michael Cox developed a numerical model of the circulation of the ocean first. After that in 1978-1995 began time of Satellites through the research process of the oceans from space. NASA launched the first oceanographic satellite called SEASAT. Don't stop until there, in 1992, NASA teamed with CNES has developed and launched the Topex/Poseidon satellite, a mapping of surface ocean currents, tidal wave, and every ten days. A year later, for the first time the Topex/Poseidon science team published a map of the global ups and downs are accurate. With the development of science and technology, in 1995 to the present, building the Earth System Science marked with an inquiry about biological interaction globally, chemistry, Ocean and atmospheric physical processes as well as on the surface of the soil use in situ and space data in numerical model *.
