parallel meridians = by observing parallel (latitude) and the meridian (line of longitude)
direction and distance
the distance with the distance
height
direction and direction
position = specifies where resection we stand in the field of the unknown on the map. With the help of two points that are identified either on the map or in the field.
intersection = specifies an appearance that does not exist in the map, but there are in the field with the help of two well known point in field as well as on the map.
LOOKING FOR SCALE
compare the points on a map with dots in field
compare it with other existing maps his scale
P2 = (D1/D2) x P1
d1 = the distance on the map is already known
d2 = the distance searched his scale dipeta
p1 = the denominator known map scale
p2 = the map scale denominator is sought
take into account the difference in degrees of latitude
a representation or picture elements abstract elements chosen from the surface of the Earth, or that is related to the surface of the Earth or other celestial bodies. The map is generally depicted on a flat field and scaled down with scale
REQUIREMENTS MAP
conform = form and direction must match the original
equivalent = area should correspond to the originals after at skalakan
equidistan = the distance should match the originals once in skalakan
TYPES OF MAP
a. based on contents
map of General or basic map/map references
topographical map = map that illustrates the topographical appearance are equipped with a system of coordinates, the scale and projection map.
topographic map = map illustrating the relief of the Earth's surface is indicated by the height of the lines with specific references (advance airlaut)
chorografi = map depicts the entire portion of the Earth's surface/impersonal medium-scale, typically sample atlas.
Special or thematic map map = map that has a purpose that is special or specific, i.e. with a topic or a map statistics
qualitative thematic map = map which has a representation of qualitative data, i.e., the presentation of data that shows only spatial or spatial distribution from mapped objects without specifying the value of the object.
Location map of mining
Map of the spread of mangroves
Map of the spread of the industry
Map of the distribution of soil types
quantitative thematic map = map which has the representation of quantitative data, namely the presentation of maps showing subdivisions based on the same data.
Population density map
A map of the level of income
Map of corn production
b. based on his scale
cadastral map (1: 100 to 1: 5000) = map of land, land certificates map
large scale maps (1: 5,000 to 1: 250,000) = map of province
medium-scale map (1: 250,000 to 1: 500,000) = map of the Central Java regional
small scale map (1: 500 000 to 1: 1,000,000) = map of the republic of indonesia
map scale 1: 1,000,000 > geographical world maps, continent maps
c. based on the mapped object
static or stationary map is a map that illustrates the relative fixed or rarely changing, ex map of soil types
dynamic map = map which describes the State of a dynamic or rapidly changing, ex map of transmigration, a map of urbanization
d. based on the way of manufacture:
Map of cognitive/mental map = map without measurement, the result is a floor plan/kartogram
Map terestris
Map photos
e. based on shape
map = based on the shape of embossed surface of the Earth that is actually
flat-map = map made on a flat-field
digital map = map created using a computer
COMPONENT MAP
Title = must describe the contents and characteristics of a map drawn
Line edge
Orientation map
The scale of the map
Legend
Astronomical lines
Symbol map
-According to its shape
symbol point
symbol outline
isotherm = the same air temperature
isobars = the same air pressure
= isohyet precipitation equal
isohypse = the same height
symbol extents
-According to his
a pictoral symbol = similar to its original state
abstract symbol = symbol that there is no similarity at all of the elements of the elements described
symbol = letters or numbers are taken from the first letter of both names or elements used
-According to the dimensions
one dimension = coastline, boundaries, rivers
two-dimensional = circle, triangle
three dimensional cube, sphere diagram =
-Based on the type of kenampakannya
Relief in sight for the Symbol (symbol hysography), for example the mountain
symbol to appear in the form of water (hidrography symbol)
The Gas nitrogen oxides (NOx) there are two kinds, i.e. the gas nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Both kinds of these gases have different properties and both are extremely harmful to health. NO Gas that pollute the air difficult visually observed due to these gases are colorless and odorless. Whereas NO2 gas when you pollute the air easily observed from a very pungent smell and the colour is reddish brown. Air gas containing NO in the normal limit is relatively safe and harmless, unless NO gas are in high concentration. The high concentration of gas NO can cause disorders of the nervous system resulting in seizures. If this continues to be poisoning can lead to paralysis. NO Gas will become more dangerous if it's oxidized gas sehinggga gas into NO2.
Air which has been polluted by nitrogen oxide gas is not only harmful to humans and animals, but also harmful to plant life. The influence of NOx gas in plants, among others, the incidence of spots on the surface of leaves. At higher concentrations of the gas can cause necrosis, or tissue damage to the leaves. In a State like this leaf may not work perfectly as temapat the formation of carbohydrates through photosynthesis. As a result the plant cannot produce as expected. As many as 10 ppm NO concentration can lower the ability of photosynthesis the leaves up to about 60% to 70%.
Air pollution by NOx gases can cause the onset of Peroxy Nitrates are abbreviated Acetil with PAN. Peroxi Acetil Nitrates is causing irritation of the eye that causes the eye feels poignant and watery. Mix with other chemical compound PAN in the air can cause the occurrence of fog photos or Photo-chemical Smog Chemistry impaired environment.
The influence for health
Nitrogen dioxide are air pollutants generated in the combustion process. When present, the nitrogen dioxide nitrogen oxides are also found; a combination of NO and NO2 are collectively refer to nitrogen oxides (NOx).
At very high concentrations, which may only be experienced on the fatal industrial accidents, NO2 exposure can lead to lung damage that heavy and fast. Health effects may also occur at ambient concentrations are much lower as in the observation during the events of the pollution in the city. The evidence obtained suggested that the spread of possible ambient influences of chronic and acute, especially in the Sub-group populations affected by asthma.
NO2 oxidizing agent as being mainly the possibility of damaging cell membranes and proteins. At high concentrations, air duct will cause acute inflammation. Plus more, the spread in a short time--the influential to increased risk of respiratory tract infections. Although much of the control of the spread of that done, a fact clearly defines the relationship between the concentration or dose and the feedback is not enough.
For the dissemination of an acute, only very high concentrations (> 1880 Mg/m3, 1 ppm) affects the health of people; When people with asthma or lung disease are more susceptible to acute at lower concentrations.
Greenhouse gases are gases in the atmosphere that causes the greenhouse effect. The actual gases naturally occurring in the environment, but can also arise as a result of human activity.
Greenhouse gases are the most numerous is the water vapor that reaches the atmosphere due to the evaporation of water from the sea, lakes and rivers. Carbon dioxide gas is the second largest. It arises from a variety of natural processes such as: volcanic eruptions; the breathing of animals and humans (who breathe in oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide); and combustion of organic material (such as plants).
Carbon dioxide can be reduced due to absorption by oceans and absorbed the plant to be used in the process of photosynthesis. Photosynthesis splits the carbon dioxide and release oxygen into the atmosphere as well as taking carbons atoms.
Water vapor
Water vapor is a greenhouse gas that occurs naturally and is responsible for most of the greenhouse effect. Water vapor concentrations fluctuate regionally, and human activity does not directly affect the concentration of water vapor unless local scale.
Carbon Dioxide
Humans have increased the amount of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere when they burn fossil fuels, solid waste, and wood for heating the buildings, moving vehicles and generate electricity. At the same time, the number of trees that are able to absorb carbon dioxide increasingly diminish due to the encroachment of forests for timber or taken for the expansion of agricultural land.
Methane
Methane which is a major component of natural gas also include greenhouse gases. He is an effective insulator, able to capture 20 times more heat than carbon dioxide. Methane released during the production and transport of coal, natural gas, and petroleum. Methane is also produced from the decomposition of organic waste in landfills (landfill), can even be issued by certain animals, especially cows, as a by-product of digestion. Since the beginning of the industrial revolution in the mid-1700s, the amount of methane in the atmosphere has increased one and a half times as much.
