Optics is the branch of physics that describes the behavior and properties of light and the interaction of light with matter. Optics explains optical phenomena and colored by. The word optics comes from the Latin ὀπτική, which means the display.
Optics usually describes the nature of the visible light, infrared and ultraviolet; but because the light is electromagnetic waves, the same symptoms also occur in x-rays, microwaves, radio waves and other forms of electromagnetic radiation and similar symptoms as well as in the spotlight of the particle charge (charged beam). Optics in General can be considered to be part of keelektromagnetan. Some optical phenomena depend on the quantum properties of light associated with some optics to quantum mechanics. In practice, most of the optical phenomena can be calculated by using the electromagnetic nature of light, as described by Maxwell's equations.
Optics have identity, community, and the Conference itself. Aspects of science are often called optical science or optical physics. Applied Optical Sciences are often called optical engineering. Application of optical engineering which related specifically to the illumination system (illumination) is called a lighting engineering. Each discipline tends to be a little different in application, technical skills, focus, and professional affiliation. More recent innovations in optical engineering is often categorized as fotonika or optoelektronika. The boundaries between these fields and the "optics" are often not clear, and the term is used differently in different parts of the world and in various fields of industry.
Because of the wide application of the science of "light" for real-world application, the fields of optics and optical engineering tends to be highly interdisciplinary.
The science of Optics is part of a range of related disciplines including electrical engineering, physics, psychology, medicine (particularly Ophthalmology and optometry), and others. In addition, the most complete explanation about the behavior, as described in optical physics, not necessarily complicated for most problems, so a simple model can be used. This simple Model is sufficient to explain most optical phenomena as well as ignoring irrelevant behavior and/or is not detected on a system.
Understanding Measurement tools measure length, mass, and time
The measurement is the activity of comparing a quantity being measured using similar quantities to be used as the unit of measurement of the magnitude of the derivative, can be measured in two ways, directly and indirectly. Direct measurement of the measurement result is obtained directly, whereas indirect measurement is a measurement result note after calculate using the formula that corresponds to observation data.
THERE ARE SOME TOOLS MEASURE LENGTH ARE:
1. SLIDE RULE
2. CALIPER
3. SCREW MICROMETERS
MASS MEASUREMENT TOOL:
1. BALANCE of SITTING
2. BALANCE SHEET by ELECTRONIC GROUP
3. the BALANCE ARM
MEASURING TIME:
1. the STOPWACH
2. WATCHES
3. WALL CLOCK
** Basic Magnitudes is a unit of quantity has been defined in advance **
TERMS OF THE UNITS OF THE GOOD:
1. INTERNATIONALLY
2. the UNITS ALWAYS REMAIN
3. EASILY IMITATED and CAN BE REPRODUCED
*** Temperature is a measure of the degree of heat or cold an object **
*** A tool to measure the temperature of objects with precise and expressed with a number called a thermometer **Understanding Measurement tools measure length, mass, and time
The measurement is the activity of comparing a quantity being measured using similar quantities to be used as the unit of measurement of the magnitude of the derivative, can be measured in two ways, directly and indirectly. Direct measurement of the measurement result is obtained directly, whereas indirect measurement is a measurement result note after calculate using the formula that corresponds to observation data.
THERE ARE SOME TOOLS MEASURE LENGTH ARE:
1. SLIDE RULE
2. CALIPER
3. SCREW MICROMETERS
MASS MEASUREMENT TOOL:
1. BALANCE of SITTING
2. BALANCE SHEET by ELECTRONIC GROUP
3. the BALANCE ARM
MEASURING TIME:
1. the STOPWACH
2. WATCHES
3. WALL CLOCK
** Basic Magnitudes is a unit of quantity has been defined in advance **
TERMS OF THE UNITS OF THE GOOD:
1. INTERNATIONALLY
2. the UNITS ALWAYS REMAIN
3. EASILY IMITATED and CAN BE REPRODUCED
*** Temperature is a measure of the degree of heat or cold an object **
*** A tool to measure the temperature of objects with precise and expressed with a number called a thermometer **
OKULER LENS, the lens closer to the observer's eye lens serves to form a shadow maya, upright, and enlarged from the objective lens
OBJECTIVE LENS, this lens is close on the object that this lens forming observe, real shadows, upside down, on the zoom. Where this lens is set by the revolver to determine the magnification of the objective lens.
TUBE of the MICROSCOPE (TUBUS), this tube serves to set the focus and objective links with the okuler lens.
MAKROMETER (ROUGH PLAYER), makrometer serves to lower tube of the microscope ascending rapidly.
MICROMETERS (SMOOTH PLAYER), this control serves to raise and lower the microscope is slow, and the shape is smaller than makrometer.
REVOLVER, revolver serves to set the magnification of the objective lens by the way turn it around.
REFLECTORS, consisting of two types of flat mirrors and the mirror mirror concave. This serves to reflectors reflect light from the mirror to the table object through the hole in the table object and to the eyes of the observer. The flat mirror used when light in need are met, while if less light then used a concave mirror because it serves to collect light.
Diaphragm, serves to regulate many of the incoming light at least.
The CONDENSER, the condenser is working to gather the incoming light, this tool can rotate up and down.
TABLETOP microscope, serves as a place to put the object to be observed.
GLASS CLAMP, clamp it serves to clamp the glass overlay object so that it is not easy to shift.
ARM of the MICROSCOPE, serves as a pegangang on a microscope.
FOOT of MICROSCOPES, serves to support or prop up a microscope.
JOINT INCLINATION (ANGLE CONTROL), to adjust the angle or tegaknya a microscope.
The material is a Gas phase. As a liquid, gas has the ability to drain and may change form. But different from the liquid, a gas that is not stuck not charge a predetermined volume, instead they inflate and fill any room in which they are located. Motion energy/kinetic energy in a gas is a substance the greatest form of the second (after the plasma). Due to the addition of this kinetic energy, the gas atoms and molecules often bouncing off one another, let alone if the kinetic energy is growing.
The word "gas" possible created by a chemist of Flanders as the spelling of the word for Greece, pelafalannya chaos (chaos).
A Brief History Of The Development Of Oceanography
Preliminary information about the main ocean exploration and trade comes from thousands of years ago. Cruise-cruise that leaves little written information. The Polynesian nation has embarked on a trip to the Pacific to trade around 4000 BC They learn from the experience of ocean sailing. Note the first voyage made by the Pharaoh Snefru around 3200 b.c. In 2750 BC Hannu led an expedition of exploration was first documented from Egypt to the southern Arabian peninsula and the Red Sea.
Some travel the ocean then carried out in the 15th century. The voyage of continents and managed to find the Islands recently. After that, the researchers began to follow their footsteps. Researchers began conducting research on the wind pasat, gulf stream, monsoon and so on.
The first recorded scientific investigations carried out in the 17th century. Edmond Halley started the investigation system of ocean currents and wind in 1685. After that other theories began to appear such as wind theory pasat, UPS and downs, the meridional circulation of the sea, and others. In 1751, Henry Ellis found the cold water below the surface layer. This shows the water coming from the polar regions. From 1768-1779, Captain James Cook had done three times. One of the successes of their voyage is he made a sounding in the depths of up to 400 m (1300 ft) and to obtain the accurate observations of winds, currents and water temperature. His observation is accurate providing much valuable information that he was named as one of the founders of Oceanography. In the United States, Benjamin Franklin, a head post office succeeded in making the first map of the Gulf Stream using information that has been collected by sailing his cousin Timothy Folger, in 1769. Because the data is extremely valuable, being a cruise later in 1847, Matthew Fontaine Maury set international exchange environmental data practices, commercial log book to map and graph that is obtained from the data.
The akuratnya charts and more information going Ocean made many people interested in mengeksplornya. Charles Darwin joined in the research ship the Beagle and became a naturalist from 1831-1836. He described, collect and classify organisms from land and sea. His theories about the formation of atolls is still accepted today. After that research-research on marine life and organisms in water is continuously performed.
Oceanographic exploration continues to grow from time to time. In 1873, the Mariners started doing data gathering observations of wind, currents, waves, temperature and other phenomena that can be observed from the deck of the ship. This became the beginning of the development of the Surface Oceanography. In 1873-1914, the Deep-Sea Exploration Expedition initiated through to examine the condition of the surface and sub-surface. Second time this became the beginning of systematic studies of biology, chemistry, and physics of the ocean known as the Challenger Expedition (1872-1876)
In the early 20th century established the Marine Biological Laboratory, University of California. In 1910-1913, Vilhelm Bjerknes published a book with the title the Dynamic Meteorology and Hydrography that laid the cornerstone of Geophysical Fluid Dynamics. In that book, he developed the idea of fronts, dynamic, geostropik flow meter, air-sea interaction, and also the storm. The Systematic National Surveys began in 1925-1940 through detailed research on the area's colonization. Then in 1947-1956, the New Methods, start to do research using new tools, such as seismic research. At this time, theories such as the circulation of the ocean and the Equatorial undercurrent in the Pacific expressed. Later in 1957 to 1978, the International Cooperation begins with doing research and learning process of the multinational Ocean. Theory of circulation published Stommel in the sea. While Kirk Bryan and Michael Cox developed a numerical model of the circulation of the ocean first. After that in 1978-1995 began time of Satellites through the research process of the oceans from space. NASA launched the first oceanographic satellite called SEASAT. Don't stop until there, in 1992, NASA teamed with CNES has developed and launched the Topex/Poseidon satellite, a mapping of surface ocean currents, tidal wave, and every ten days. A year later, for the first time the Topex/Poseidon science team published a map of the global ups and downs are accurate. With the development of science and technology, in 1995 to the present, building the Earth System Science marked with an inquiry about biological interaction globally, chemistry, Ocean and atmospheric physical processes as well as on the surface of the soil use in situ and space data in numerical model *.
