"If a power-driven introduction in a magnetic field, the electric current drain direction in such a way, so that the motion of the introduction of electricity resulting in the induction of yesteryear is hampered by it.
Sabtu, 12 April 2014
Kirchhoff Law (1875)
Kirchhoff Law (1875)
If a range of electric current to coincide at some point, then the algebraic sum of the currents-currents strength is 0 (zero) in pertepatan.
In a circular electric current which covered the following equation applies: "algebraic Sum of nonlinear otherwise-power flow and nonlinear otherwise prisoners in every part (of the release) is equal to the algebraic sum of electric motion styles".
Big electric current which flows toward the point of branching the same amount of electric current coming out of a branching point
Jumat, 11 April 2014
Laws (Swing), Galilei (1596)
-Tempo swing does not depend from the amount of amplitude (a distance of swing), the origin of the amplitude is not too large.
-Tempo swing does not depend from weighing bandulan swing.
-Tempo swing is comparable with a barrel length of root bandulan swing.
-Tempo swing is comparable with roots back from acceleration caused by gravity.
What is Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures?
Dalton's law (1802)
"The pressure of a mixture of several kinds of gas (that do not react chemically with one another) is equal to the sum of the pressures of each gas, he explained the pressure from each of such gas, if he was there alone each mixture in space".
What Is The Formula For Gay-Lussac's Law?
Gay Lussac's law (1802)
"If a quantity of something ideal gas (i.e. quantity according to weight) has a constant pressure, it is also a result for the volume and the temperature is a constant number" "gas is growing linearly with pressure constant and temperature increases"
coulomb's law definition
Coulomb's law (1785)
-Style, done by two magnetic pole which is one on the other, is proportional to the strength of the mekanitisme-straight poles and comparable back with quadratic distance between the two poles.
-Style, done by two objects (which are each electrically charged) the one on the other, is comparable to the barrel with a strong electrical charge of the objects and comparable feedback with quadratic distance between the two objects.
Kamis, 10 April 2014
Boyle's law (1662) and Boyle's law-Gay Lussac (1802)
Boyle's law (1662
"If a quantity of something ideal gas (i.e. quantity according to weight) has a constant temperature, so also the result times the volume and pressure is constant number".
Boyle's law-Gay Lussac (1802)
"For a given quantity of an ideal gas (i.e. quantity according to weight) product of pressure and volume is divided by the absolute temperature is a constant"
Rabu, 09 April 2014
Bernoulli's law (1738) and Boyle's law (1662)
"For liquid substances, which cannot be suppressed and that flow is stationary, the amount of energy of motion, energy and constant pressure is power".
Boyle's law (1662)
"If a quantity of something ideal gas (i.e. quantity according to weight) has a constant temperature, so also the result times the volume and pressure is constant number".
Senin, 07 April 2014
TOPIC: Avogadro's law (1811)
"If two kinds of gas (or more) of the same volume, then the gases just as much as the number of molecules, respectively, from the same temperature and pressure, and also
Minggu, 06 April 2014
Archimedes ' law (+ 250 BCE)
"If an object is dipped into the liquid, then something that thing will get the same amount of pressure with the infiltration of liquid weighing by the object".
Jumat, 04 April 2014
Learn Physics-vibration and free vibration with damping
Vibration analysis
Basic vibration analysis can be understood by studying the model simple mass-spring-damper. Complex structures such as the car body can be modelled as "sum" model of mass-spring-damper. This Model is an example of a simple harmonic oscillator
Vibration
Vibration analysis
Free vibration without silencer
In the simplest model of the attenuation is considered negligible, and there is no outside force affecting mass (free vibration).
In these circumstances the prevailing style in the spring the long stretch comparable to Fs x according to Hooke's law, or when it is formulated mathematically:
Fs =-k x
with the k is the spring constant.
According to Newton's second law force posed is proportional to the acceleration of the mass:
ÎŁ F = ma = m {x} = m {d ^ 2 x}: {dt ^ 2} =
Since F = Fs, we get the following ordinary differential equation:
m {x} + k x = 0.
Simple harmonic motion-spring system
If we assume that we start the vibration system with spring-loaded so far A stretch and then release it, the above equations solution describing the mass movements are:
x (t) = A 2cos (2pi. fn. t)
This solution suggests that the mass will oscillate in simple harmonic motion having an amplitude of A frequency and fn fn number is one of the most important quantities in vibration analysis, and called the undamped natural frequency. For a simple mass-spring system, the fn is defined as:
fn = {1: {2pi}}. root {k: m}
Note: the angular frequency ω (ω = 2πf) and units of radians per second is often used in equations because it simplifies the equations, but the magnitude is usually converted into a "standard" frequency (units of Hz) when stating the frequency of the system.
When the mass and stiffness (a k) Note the frequency of vibration of the system will be determined using the formula above.
Vibration
Vibration analysis
Free vibration with damping
When the attenuation is taken into account, means style silencer also applies on a mass in addition to the force caused by stretching the spring. When moving in a fluid object will get attenuation due to the viscosity of the fluid. The style of this viscosity is proportional to the speed of objects. Due to constant viscosity (viscosity) c is a coefficient with units of reducer, N s/m (SI)
The solution to this equation depends on the magnitude of the damping. When damping is small enough, the system will still vibrate, but will eventually stop. This State is called less mute, and is most cases get attention in the analysis of the vibration. When the attenuation is enlarged so that it reaches the point when the system is no longer oscillates we reach a point of critical damping. When the attenuation is added through this critical point of the system referred to in the State through the mute.
To characterize the amount of attenuation in the system used a ratio called the damping ratio. This ratio is the ratio between the actual amount of attenuation attenuation is required to reach the point of critical damping.
Damped natural frequency less than the undamped natural frequency, however, for many practical cases the damping ratio is relatively small, and hence the difference is negligible. Therefore the damped and undamped description is often not mentioned when declaring natural frequency.
Physics waves and wave length
The waves are vibrations that propagate. The ideal form of a wave motion sinusoide will follow. In addition to electromagnetic radiation and gravitational radiation, which may be able to walk through a vacuum, there are waves on a medium (which because of changes the shape can generate elastic restoring forces) where they can run and can move the energy from one place to another without causing the particles of the medium move permanently; i.e. There is no displacement en masse. In fact, any special point oscillating around one particular position can have an effect on the penis.
A medium called:
linear if different waves at any particular point in the medium can be summed up,
limited if restricted, otherwise it is called unlimited
physical characteristics of uniform if not changed at different points
isotropic in its physical characteristics if the "same" in different directions
The Wavelength
The wavelength is the distance between repeating units of a wave pattern. Usually have denoted the letter lambda (λ) Greece.
In a sine wave, the wavelength is the distance between the peaks.
The x Axis represents length, and I represent the quantity varies (e.g. air pressure for a sound wave or electric or magnetic field strength for light), at a point in the function of time x.
Wavelength λ has an inverse relationship to frequency f, number of peaks to pass a point in a given time. Panjan wave is equal to the speed of the wave divided by the frequency of the wave. When dealing with electromagnetic radiation in a vacuum, this speed is the speed of light c, untuku signal (waves) in the air, it is the speed of sound in air. Connection is::
λ = {c}: {f}
λ = wavelength of a sound wave or electromagnetic waves
c = speed of light in a vacuum = 299, 792.458 km/d ~ 300.000 km/d = 300,000,000 m/s or
c = speed of sound in air = 343 m/s at 20 ° C (68 ° F)
f = the frequency of the wave
Kamis, 03 April 2014
Electromagnetic waves
can be described as two waves of transversal propagated in two perpendicular plane of magnetic field and electric field. Towards magnetic waves will push the electric waves, and vice versa, while climbing, wave power will push the wave magnet. The Diagram above shows a light wave propagating from left to right with the electric field in the vertical plane and horizontal plane on the magnetic field.
Rabu, 02 April 2014
light definition physics
At the height of classical optics, light is defined as electromagnetic waves and triggers a series of inventions and ideas, since 1838 by Michael Faraday with the invention of the cathode ray, 1859 with the black mass radiation theory by Gustav Kirchhoff, the 1877 Ludwig Boltzmann said that the status of the physical system energy can be discrete, quantum theory as a model of the theory of the black mass radiation by Max Planck in 1899 with the hypothesis that the energy is absorbed and teradiasi can be divided into discrete sum called energy elements, E. in 1905, Albert Einstein photoelectric effect experiment, making the light that bathes the atom the electrons to excite leapt out of its orbit. On trial in 1924 by Louis de Broglie showed electrons have the nature of duality particle-wave duality theory erupted, up to particle-wave. Albert Einstein later in 1926 make postulates based on photoelectric effect, that light is composed of quanta called photons have the same duality. The works of Albert Einstein and Max Planck received the Nobel Prize respectively in 1921 and 1918 and formed the basis of quantum mechanical theories developed by many scientists, including Werner Heisenberg, Niels Bohr, Erwin Schrödinger, Max Born, John von Neumann, Paul Dirac, Wolfgang Pauli, David Hilbert, Roy j. Glauber and others.
Light 3
This Era came to be called the era of modern optics and light is defined as a transversal electromagnetic-wave dualism and the flow of particles called photons. Further development took place in 1953 with the discovery of x-ray laser and maser, in 1960.
The Era of modern optics, not immediately put an end to the era of classical optics, but introduces the properties of light to another i.e. the diffusion and scattering.
The definition of light
Light is a wave-shaped energy elekromagnetik visible wavelengths approximately 380 – 790 nm. In physics, light is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength, whether visible or not.
Light is a particle called the photon packet.
Both of the above definition is shown simultaneously so that the light is called the "wave-particle duality". Packets of light called the spectrum then are perceived visually by the sense of sight as the color. The study of light, known as optics, is an important research area in modern physics.
Study of light began with the advent of the era of classical optics, the study of optical quantities such as: intensity, frequency or wavelength, polarization and phases of light. The properties and interactions of light around a geometric approach to partially done such as reflection and refraction, optical properties of fisisnya and approach are: interference, diffraction, dispersion, polarization. Each study of classical optics, this is called geometrical Optics (en: geometrical optics) and physical Optics (en: physical optics).
Selasa, 01 April 2014
Cable ground, cable neutral, cable phase
The electrical system that goes to our homes, if the use of electric system 1 phase, usually made up of three cables:
The first is the phase cable (red) which is a power source back and forth (positive and negative phase phase back and forth continuously). This cable is a cable that carries power from the hydroelectric (PLN for example); These cables are usually called hot wires (hot), to be compared as the positive Pole on the direct current electrical system (although in physics is not right).
Second is the (black) cable neutral. This cable is basically zero voltage reference cables, connected to the soil in power plants, on specific points (on electric pole) electric network cabling is connected to neutral to ground voltage on the transformer down primarily from high-voltage channels three lines into three phases plus line line ground (four lines) that will be distributed in houses or other.
To address the leakage electric current of the equipment each home installed cable ground (black) connected by a metal plug ground to put together with the neutral cable channels of electric nets mounted on a distance closest to the electric meter or tool close to switch.
In the events of Hurricane Electric space (space electrical storm) are great, there is likely a current will flow from the underlying soil to reference other land that far. This natural phenomenon can trigger large-scale lamp dead events.
Third is the ground or Ground wires (blue, green, black and red colors aside). This cable is a zero reference in the location of the user, which is connected to ground (ground) at the home user, these cables really come from the metal that was planted in the ground in our homes, cable is a cable that is connected to the security body (chassis) alat2 electricity at home to ensure that users of such equipment would not be subjected to electric shocks.
The third cable was rarely fitted to dirumah-rumah inhabitants, be sure the technician (instalatir) electric cord you attach the ground (ground) on the electrical system at home. This is important, because the installer is an absolute requirement for your safety from the hazards of electrical shock that could be fatal and also several power tools that are sensitive will not work properly if there are electrical induction that appears on chassisnya (for example, due to the effects of current Eddy).
alternating current
The flow of electricity flows from positive to negative channels channels. With a direct current of electricity if we hold only the positive cable (but not holding the negative cable), power will not flow into our bodies (we are not exposed to strum Tuesday). Similarly if we just hold a negative line.
With electricity alternating current, electricity can also flow into the Earth (or the floor). This is caused by an electricity system using the Earth as a reference voltage neutral (ground). This reference, which is usually in pairs in two places (one on the ground in an electric pole and another one on the ground at home). Therefore, if we hold the power source and our feet are treading the Earth or our hands touching the wall, the voltage difference between the electrical cable in hand with tension in the legs (ground), making the electricity flowing from hand to foot so we will experience electric shocks ("exposed strum Tuesday").
Electrical power can be stored, for example on a battery or batteries. Small, for example electricity stored in batteries, won't stun effect on the body. The car battery is great, there is usually a slight stun effect, although not too large and dangerous. Electricity flows from the positive pole of the battery/batteries into the negative pole.
Electrical properties
Electricity gave rise to the 4 fundamental forces of nature, and its remains in objects can be measured. In this case, the phrase "the amount of electricity used also with the phrase" electrical charge "as well as" the amount of the charge ". There are 2 types of electric charge: positive and negative. Through experiments, payload-a kind of mutual refused and charge-opposite sex attracted to each other. The magnitude of this style is exciting and rejecting established by Coulomb. Some of the effects of power discussed in electrical and electromagnetic phenomena.
The SI unit of electric charge is the coulomb, which has stood for "C". The symbol Q is used in the equation to represent a quantity of electricity or charge. For example, "Q = 0.5 C" means "the quantity of electric charge is the coulomb 0.5".
If the electricity flowing through the special materials, such as tungsten and tungsten, of light emitted by metal will flare it up. Such materials are used in a light bulb (bulb or bulblamp).
Whenever electricity flows through materials which have barriers, it will be hot removed. The greater the flow of electricity, then the heat arising will be doubled. These properties are used on elements of irons and electric stove.
Senin, 31 Maret 2014
What is Electricity
Electricity is the nature of objects that arise from the presence of electric charge. Electricity, can also be interpreted as follows:
Electricity is the condition of certain subatomic particles, such as electrons and protons, which led to the withdrawal and rejection of styles in between.
Electricity is a source of energy that is transmitted via cable. Electric current arises because the electric charge flows from positive to negative channels channels.
Along with magnetism, electricity form the fundamental interaction is known as electromagnetism. Electricity allows the occurrence of many physical phenomena which are widely known, such as lightning, electric field and electric current. Electricity is widely used in industrial applications such as electronic and electrical power.
Thermal energy storage
Thermal energy storage is temporary energy storage or removal of heat for use at a later date. Thermal energy storage that are common at this time is useful for ice storage move heat when needed. Ice is made at night when peak loads. This method is recommended and developed by the u.s. Green Building Council's Leadership in Energy Efficiency program and Environmental Design to arouse the development of building design-capable high that is safe for the environment.
The advantage of making ice at night include: after passing the peak load electricity have lower fees so that cheaper, and energy to cool the ice on a cold night is faster and requires less energy, so the ice can be produced in an amount more. It can be said that in this way, a lot of energy from the power plant was saved while more energy is released from storage for some time.
Energy is not always can be taken
Energy storage
Many renewable energy as a source of energy which cannot always be utilized because a limitation (solar energy, wind, etc.), but can be used to fill in the supply of energy while other sources of energy are stored for use on electric transmission network, or the energy source used to fill out the electrical system network when required. If the loss of energy when the distribution and costs can be set, then this type of energy can become a mainstay.
Solar energy, even though it currently cannot be used throughout the day, but currently have designed solar energy satellites are useful for capturing the energy of the Sun via satellite through outer space and didstribusikan to Earth in different ways so that the solar energy utilization can become longer with the amount of energy taken bigger (because the Sun's energy in space greater than solar energy that has touched the surface of the Earth).
Minggu, 30 Maret 2014
Energy storage methods
Energy storage methods
Mechanical storage
Energy can be stored by pumping water up to a certain height and released into electrical energy when needed.
Pressurized air is a cheap energy storage method using electrical energy cheap while being not happening peak loads. Pressurized air can be stored in underground reservoirs. The pressurized air is then released when peak loads for supplying electric energy and can be heated using the heat removed by machines or electric generators to increase the pressure.
Energy storage method of Boron-silicon-zinc
Energy storage method of Boron-silicon-zinc
This point has developed a fuel that is made from Boron, is said to have no emissions and better than hydrogen fuel because it is more difficult to ignite by a little fire. Boron does not produce emissions due to actual results only in the form of boron oxide, but generates significant energy.
Silicone is also said to have the potential to be used as fuel. Pure silicone can easily catch fire spontaneously in the air, while in the Earth's crust, about 75% of the total mass of the Earth's crust in the form of Silicon oxide. In addition, the silicone can also easily react with other compounds and produce energy. The reaction of silicon with some type of other chemicals produce hydrogen.
Zinc has also been proposed to be a source of chemical energy. Reaction of zinc oxide and carbon free (e.g. biomass) with the help of sunlight will result in ZnO and carbon monoxide and energy of 84 kcal per mol. While the carbon monoxide produced can be burned to carbon dioxide to produce energy of 70 kcal per mol.
Jumat, 28 Maret 2014
Storage method of methane and Methane energy
Synthetic hydrocarbon fuels
Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, experimentally, has been converted into hydrocarbon fuel with the help of energy from other sources. In order to be useful in industry, energy used may be coming from the Sun, and in the future will appear artificial photosynthesis technology. Other alternatives for energy is electricity or heat from solar energy or nuclear.
Compared to hydrogen, almost all hydrocarbon fuels have the advantage of instant use with machinery and infrastructure available today. Generate synthetic hydrocarbon reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere until the fuel burnt longer, so that the same amount of carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere.
Energy storage methods
Methane
Methane is the simplest hydrocarbon with the molecular formula CH4. Methane is more easily stored than hydrogen and the infrastructure and facilities of transportation available today. Methane can be generated by power plants through the process of with Sabatier is preceded by the electrolysis of water. The process is as follows:
2 H2O--> 2 H2 + O2
CO2 + 4 H2-CH4 + 2 H2O >
The methane produced is stored and will be used to generate electricity when needed. The water resulting from the production process can be used again for electrolysis, thereby reducing the need for clean water. Oxygen is generated in that process will be used for combustion of methane when the need for energy is required so that the combustion occurs will be more perfect and the resulting energy more efficiently.
The resulting carbon dioxide will go back into the Sabatier process and water vapor will be dikondensasikan to enter into the electrolysis. See the process, this is just a cycle that does not produce greenhouse gases at all in the process.
Method of energy storage hydrogen
Hydrogen
Hydrogen is being developed as an energy storage medium. Hydrogen is not a primary energy source, but a portable energy storage method, because hydrogen has to be produced by other energy sources. However, as an energy storage medium, may be significant when viewed his role as renewable energy.
Hydrogen can be used in conventional internal combustion engine or fuel cell that converts the chemical energy directly into electrical energy without any combustion. The production process of hydrogen requires natural gas conversion process by steam, or in a way that might be more ecologically, electrolysis of water into hydrogen and oxygen. A long way to produce carbon dioxide as a by-product in the process.
Loss of energy occurs in a hydrogen storage cycle of production for direct use on vehicles, condensation or compression, and conversion back into electricity, as well as hydrogen storage cycle for the stationary fuel cell usage as a combination of heat and energy with micro-biohidrogen, condensation or compression, and conversion into electricity.
With renewable energy that can not always available such as wind and solar energy, the output of both that energy into electrical energy may be able to perform electrolysis. Whatever the odds are, whether the conversion capabilities of solar and wind energy into electricity are quite low or the energy required to change water into hydrogen, hydrogen is only an energy storage medium will be used only if needed.
Nuclear experts said that using nuclear energy to produce hydrogen will solve the problem of inefficiency in producing hydrogen. They underline sends the possibility of using nuclear power plants at full capacity with continuous electric energy supply to the local power transmission network at peak loads. This means greater efficiency for the NUCLEAR POWER PLANT. The fourth generation of NUCLEAR reactors has the potential to separate hydrogen from water by means of thermo-nuclear heat cycle using iodine-sulfur.
The efficiency of hydrogen penyiimpanan generally range from 50 to 60% overall, which means lower than batteries. It takes about 50 kWh to produce one kilogram of hydrogen by electrolysis, so the cost of the electricity to produce it is important to be discussed. If you use the standard price of Rp. 294,00 per kWh, will then take charge of Rp. 2,000 per kg of hydrogen 14.700, however it does not include other costs such as electrolysis, compressors or condensation, storage, and transportation of the magnitude cannot be ignored.
Underground hydrogen storage is the storage of hydrogen activities in caves, salt domes, or natural gas and oil fields have been exhausted. Large amounts of hydrogen gas has been save by Imperial Chemical Industries in underground caves since a couple of years ago without trouble. Storage of large quantities of hydrogen underground can function as mass energy storage which is essential for the hydrogen keekonomian aspects in the future.
Energy storage methods
Biofuels
Various biofuels such as biodiesel, vegetable oil, alcohol fuels, or biomass can be used to replace hydrocarbon fuels. Various chemical processes can convert the carbon and hydrogen in coal, natural gas, biomass from plants and animals, as well as organic wastes into short chain hydrocarbons suitable as replacements for existing hydrocarbon fuels at this time. Examples are Fischer-Tropsch diesel, methanol, dimethyl ether, or syngas. With oil prices above 35 USD was enough economically promising for biofuel to produce en masse (ECN, 1994).
Kamis, 27 Maret 2014
Energy storage network
Network storage energy makes energy producers send excess electricity from the electrical transmission network to the storage location of energy that will be issued when electricity needs grow. Energy storage network plays an important role in balancing the supply and demand of energy.
Energy storage methods
Chemistry
Hydrogen
Biofuels
Biological
Starch
Glycogen
Electrochemistry
Battery
Battery flow (flow battery)
Fuel cell
Electric
Capacitor
Superkapasitor
Superconducting magnetic energy storage
Mechanical
Compressed air energy storage
Oksihidrogen
Flywheel energy storage
Hydraulic accumulator
Hydroelectric energy storage
Spring
Thermal
Ice storage
Molten Salt
Liquid Nitrogen
Seasonal thermal energy storage
Outdoor Sun
The bricks are hot
Steam accumulator
Locomotives without a fire
Energy savings
Energy storage (historical)
History
Energy storage is a natural process that is as old as the age of the universe. Energy appears on the initial creation of the universe and has been stored in various media such as stars, which currently can be used by humans directly (with solar heating), or indirectly (via mariculture farms). Energy storage enables humans to balance the needs and availability of energy.
Energy storage systems commercially today can be categorized into mechanical energy, thermal, chemical, electrical, and nuclear.
As an activity, energy storage has been ongoing since prehistoric times, although not so clearly described as the activities in energy storage. An example is the use of wooden beams and large rocks for defence against the enemy; wooden beams and large rocks was ousted from the Hill to attack the enemies who invade.
Applications that still exists today in terms of energy storage is the control of waterways to drive a steamroller for the processing of the crops or moving the machine. A complex system of dams and reservoirs were built to store water as a source of potential energy. In some areas in the world, with the use of geographic advantage can store large amounts of water when the reservoir is not required, and is released into electrical energy during peak load electricity.
Energy storage (historical) 1
Energy storage became a major factor in economic development with the spread of electrical energy and purification of chemical fuel such as gasoline, kerosene and natural gas in the late 1800s. Unlike the organic energy storage media such as wood or coal, electricity has been used as soon as it is generated the first time. Electricity is often not stored on a large scale, but one day it will be a lot going on with the discovery of electric energy storage technologies like NiMH and Lithium ion battery which is already and able to store electric energy and mensuplainya for electric cars that exist today. Energy storage would be necessary given some type of energy sources cannot be relied upon forever. The wind is not blowing for turbine forever, light from the Sun can not be utilized optimally when cloudy weather or at night. Water power stations even today many are faced by the threat of drought.
Problem solving in energy storage for the purpose of electricity begins with the discovery of the battery at the first time. Electrochemical energy storage device is used to a limited extent because its capacity is small and the cost to make that expensive compared to electric energy produced by electrical pemangkit on the same amounts of energy. Other settlements of the same problem is found with the capacitors.
Energy storage (historical) 2
Chemical fuels have become a common form of energy storage, both in transportation and power plants, though some are difficult to produce returns of constituent. Chemical fuel that is commonly used is coal, gasoline, diesel, natural gas, LPG, propane, butane, ethanol, biodiesel, and hydrogen. This immediately fuel can be converted into mechanical energy and electricity with heat engines (turbine with boilers or internal combustion engines). This type of electric generators used in almost every power plant in the entire world.
Electrochemical devices such as fuel cell developed at the same time with batteries. However, for various reasons, the fuel cell is not well-developed until the manned space flight emerges where non thermal power source required in spacecraft. Development of the fuel cell has been increased this year as a result of the demand for non-energy hydrocarbon source increases.
At this point, liquid hydrocarbon fuels is becoming the dominant form of energy use. However, this type of fuel would produce greenhouse gases when used to drive the engine cars, trucks, trains, ships, and airplanes. The non-carbon energy such as hydrogen, or low carbon emissions such as ethanol and biodiesel, developed to respond to threats that are likely to occur as a result of greenhouse gas emissions.
Several other technologies have also been researched as flywheel or storage of compressed air.
Understanding electricity and its nature
Electricity is the nature of objects that arise from the presence of electric charge. Electricity, can also be interpreted as follows:
Electricity is the condition of certain subatomic particles, such as electrons and protons, which led to the withdrawal and rejection of styles in between.
Electricity is a source of energy that is transmitted via cable. Electric current arises because the electric charge flows from positive to negative channels channels.
Along with magnetism, electricity form the fundamental interaction is known as electromagnetism. Electricity allows the occurrence of many physical phenomena which are widely known, such as lightning, electric field and electric current. Electricity is widely used in industrial applications such as electronic and electrical power.
Electrical properties
Electricity gave rise to the 4 fundamental forces of nature, and its remains in objects can be measured. In this case, the phrase "the amount of electricity used also with the phrase" electrical charge "as well as" the amount of the charge ". There are 2 types of electric charge: positive and negative. Through experiments, payload-a kind of mutual refused and charge-opposite sex attracted to each other. The magnitude of this style is exciting and rejecting established by Coulomb. Some of the effects of power discussed in electrical and electromagnetic phenomena.
The SI unit of electric charge is the coulomb, which has stood for "C". The symbol Q is used in the equation to represent a quantity of electricity or charge. For example, "Q = 0.5 C" means "the quantity of electric charge is the coulomb 0.5".
If the electricity flowing through the special materials, such as tungsten and tungsten, of light emitted by metal will flare it up. Such materials are used in a light bulb (bulb or bulblamp).
Whenever electricity flows through materials which have barriers, it will be hot removed. The greater the flow of electricity, then the heat arising will be doubled. These properties are used on elements of irons and electric stove.
Rabu, 26 Maret 2014
TOPIC: SOUND OF AUDIOSONIK, INFRASOUND, ULTRASOUND &
The frequency of the sound:
1. Infra-Sound (infrasound), is the sound has less frequency or below 20 Hz, crickets and dogs sperti.
2. audio Sound (audiosonik), is a sound which has a frequency range of 20 Hz-20 KHz or 20 Hz-20000 Hz, like humans.
3. ultra Buny (ultrasonic) sound, is having a frequency more or above 20 Hz, such as kalelawar.
The following examples of grouping some of the living beings (humans, animals/animals):
1. humans: audiosonik
2. Dog: infrasound
3. cat: audiosonik
4. Tiger: audiosonik
5. Cicada: infrasound
6. Monkey: audiosonik
7. Shark: infrasound
8. chicken: audiosonik
9. The Raccoon: audiosonik
10. Snakes: infrasound
Particle physics - Subatomic Particles - Field theory
Particle physics is a branch of physics that studies the elementary subatomic constituents of particles of matter and radiation, and the interactions between them. He is also called high energy physics, because many elementary particles do not occur under normal circumstances in nature, but can be created and detected during energetic collisions of other particles, as is done in particle accelerators.
Subatomic Particles
Advanced particle physics research is focused on the Sub-Atomic particles, including atomic constituents such as electrons, protons, and neutrons (protons and neutrons are actually composite particles made up of quarks), particles produced by radioactive and scattering processes, such as photons, neutrinos, and muons, as well as a wide range of exotic particles.
Actually, the term particle is a misnomer because the dynamics of particle physics are governed by quantum mechanics. As such, they exhibit wave-particle duality, such as particles in the experiment and conditions such as seubah in wave conditions other circumstances (more technically they are described by State vectors in a Hilbert space; see quantum field theory). Following the Convention of particle physicists, "elementary particles" refer to objects such as electrons and photons and "particles" display wave-like properties as well.
All the particles and their interactions were observed until the present can be described entirely by a quantum field theory called the standard Model. The standard Model has 17 species of elementary particles: 12 fermions (24 if you count antiparticles separately), 4 vector bosons (5 If you count antiparticles separately), and 1 scalar bosons. This basic particles can combine to form composite particles, which now reach hundreds of its kind since the first composite particle found in the 1960s. the standard Model has been found to conform to almost any test experiments conducted at the moment. However, most particle physicists believe that this model is still not able to give a complete explanation of nature, and that there is a more fundamental theory. In recent years, the size of the neutrino mass have provided the first experimental deviations from the standard Model.
History
The idea that all matter is composed of elementary particles starting from at least the 6th century BC philosophical doctrine of atomism and the nature of elementary particles were studied by Philosophers of ancient Greece such as Democritus, Epicurus and Democritus, philosophers of ancient India such as Dignaga and Dharmakirti, Canada; medieval scientists such as Alhazen, Avicenna and Algazel; and early European modern physicists such as Pierre Gassendi, Robert Boyle and Isaac Newton. Particle theory of light was also proposed by Alhazen, Avicenna, Gassendi and Newton. Early ideas were founded in abstract, philosophical reasoning rather than experimentation and empirical observation.
In the 19th century, John Dalton, through his work on stoichiometry, concluded that every natural element is composed of one type of particle that is unique. Dalton and his contemporaries believed these were the fundamental particles of nature and thus named them atoms, from the word Greece atomos, meaning "indivisible". However, near the end of the century, physicists discovered that the atom is apparently not fundamental particles of nature, but a combination of particles smaller particle. Research of nuclear physics and quantum physics in the early 20th century culminated in proofs of nuclear fission in 1939 by Lise Meitner (based on experiments by Otto Hahn), and nuclear fusion by Hans Bethe in the same year. These discoveries gave rise to an active industry for generating one atom from another, possibly even doing (although not profitable) the transmutation of lead into gold. They also lead to the development of nuclear weapons. Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, various particle Scattering experiments found that referred to as the "particle Zoo". This term has been abandoned after the formulation of the standard Model during the 1970s in which a large number of particles, it is described as a combination of a number of fundamental particles.
Field theory
Field theory is a theory of physics to study the dynamics of elementary particles by assuming the particles as the terrain.
Colloidal system - types of Colloids - properties of Colloids
colloids definition and colloids examples
Colloidal systems (hereinafter abbreviated as "colloid") is a form of mixed system (dispersion) of two or more substances that are homogeneous the dispersed particle size but it has a fairly large (1-100 nm), and thus exposed to the effects of Tyndall. The dispersed particles of homogeneous mean are not affected by the force of gravity or other forces imposed on him; so there happen to precipitation, for example. This homogeneous properties also owned by aqueous solution, but is not owned by a mixture of regular (suspension).
Colloids are easily found everywhere: milk, agar-agar, ink, shampoo, and the clouds are examples of Colloids can be found everyday. The cytoplasm within the cell is also a colloidal system. A separate study into colloidal chemistry in the chemical industry due to its importance.
All kinds of Colloids
Colloids have varied shapes, depending on the phase of a substance pendispersi and terdispersinya substances. Some types of Colloids:
Aerosols that have substance pendispersi in the form of gas. Aerosol liquid dispersed substances that have called liquid aerosols (e.g.: fog and clouds) while having a solid dispersed substances called solid aerosols (example: smoke and dust in the air).
Sol colloid of solid particles dispersed in the liquid. (Example: the river water, sol, sol SOAP detergent and ink).
Colloid emulsion of liquid substances dispersed in the liquid, but the liquid substance that both not mutually dissolve. (Example: coconut milk, milk, mayonaise, and fish oil).
Colloidal Systems from scum gas dispersed in a liquid. (Example: the processing metal ores, fire extinguishers, cosmetics and others).
Rigid colloid Gel or half solid and half the liquid. (Example: gelatin, glue).
Properties of Colloids
Tyndall Effect
Tyndall effect is the phenomenon of scattering x-ray beam (of light) by colloidal particles. This is because the molecular size of Colloids. Tyndall effect was discovered by John Tyndall (1820-1893), a United Kingdom physicist. Therefore it is called the tyndall effect properties.
Tyndall effect is an effect that occurs when an aqueous solution exposed to sunlight. At the time of the true solution irradiated with light, then the solution will not scatter light, whereas in Kolo, the light will be dissipated. It happened because the colloidal particles have particles that are relatively large in order to scatter the light. Instead, the true solution, particles-partikelnya is relatively small so that the scattering that occurs just a little bit and it is very difficult to observe.
Brownian Motion
Brownian motion is the motion of colloidal particles are always moving straight but uncertain (random motion/irregular). If we observe the colloid under ultra microscope, then we will see that these particles will move in a zigzag form. This zigzag movement called Brownian motion. The particles of a substance are always moving. The movement can be random as in liquid and gas substances (called Brownian motion), while on the solid beroszillasi on-site only (not including Brownian motion). For colloids with medium pendispersi liquid or gaseous substances, the movement of the particles will produce collisions with colloidal particles itself. The collision took place from all directions. Because the particle size is small enough, then the collision happened is likely to be unbalanced. So there is a resultant collisions which cause changes of direction of motion of the particle motion so zigzag or Brownian motion.
The smaller the particle size of colloids, the faster the Brownian motion that occurs. Similarly, the larger size of colloidal particles, Brownian motion, the slower going. This explains why the motion hard Brown observed in solution and is not found in the heterogeneous mixture of liquid with solids (suspension). Brownian motion is also affected by temperature. The higher the temperature of the colloidal system, then the greater the kinetic energy of the particles of the medium belongs to the pendispersinya. As a result, Brownian motion of particles terdispersinya phase more quickly. And vice versa, the lower the temperature of the colloidal system, Brownian motion is getting slower.
Adsorption
Adsorption is a occasion of absorption of particles or ions or other compounds on the surface of colloidal particles caused by the surface area of the particle. (Note: Adsorption with absorption must be distinguished from the means of absorption that occurs inside a particle). Example: (i) Colloidal Fe (OH) 3 is because the surface absorbs positively charged H + ions. (ii) the negatively charged Colloidal As2S3 because their surface absorb ion S2.
The charge of Colloids
Known two kinds of colloids, which are positively charged colloidal and negatively charged colloid.
Coagulation of Colloids
Colloidal particles clotting is coagulation and form a sediment. With the onset of coagulation, the dispersed substances means no longer form a colloid. Coagulation can occur physically like heating, cooling and stirring or chemically like the addition of electrolytes, colloidal mixing of different payloads.
Protective colloid
Protective colloid colloids is having other colloids can protect nature of the process of coagulation.
Dialysis
Dialysis is the separation of Colloids from ions of a bully in this way is called the process of dialysis. That is to drain the fluid mixed with colloidal semi permeable membrane through which functions as a filter. This semi permeable membrane can be bypassed the liquid but can not be bypassed, so Colloids and colloid liquid will split up.
Electrophoresis
Elektroferesis is a colloidal particle separation events charge by using an electric current.
Selasa, 25 Maret 2014
Energy
Reviewed from the perspective of physics, every physical system conceived (Alternately, storing) amounts of energy; How exactly is determined by taking the sum of a number of specific expressions, each of which is designed to measure the energy stored in particular. In General, the presence of observers is known by every energy there is a change of the nature of the object or system. There is no uniform way to show energy.
Unit
SI and related units
The SI unit for energy is the joule's work and (J), named in honor of James Prescott Joule and his experiments in mechanical heat equation. In more basic terms 1 joule equals 1 newton-metre and, in terms of the SI base units, 1 J equal to 1 kg m2 s − 2.
Kinetic energy - Potential energy - Internal energy
Mechanical work
Work is defined as "an integral limit" as far as the force F s
Kinetic energy
Kinetic energy is the energy associated with the motion of an object.
Potential energy
In contrast to the kinetic energy, which is energy due to the motion of a system, or the internal movement of particle, the potential energy of a system is the energy associated with the space configuration of its components and their interactions with each other. The number of particles that emit the style to each other automatically form a system with potential energy. The styles, for example, can arise from electrostatic interactions (see Coulomb's law), or gravity.
Internal energy
Internal energy is the kinetic energy associated with the motion of the molecules, and the potential energy associated with the vibrational and electric energy of rotation of the atoms in the molecule. The internal energy as energy is a function of the circumstances that can be calculated in a system.
energy storage systems
Energy Storage Media is a method or a tool to keep some form of energy that can be taken at any given time for various purposes. A device used to store energy is sometimes called an accumulator. All forms of energy which belong to the potential energy (eg: chemical energy, electrical energy, and so forth) or thermal energy can be stored. Rotary mechanical clock store potential energy in a mechanical voltage.
Batteries store chemical energy that can be converted directly into electrical energy by connecting the two poles with electrical equipment. Energy-saving hydroelectric dams with reservoir water as gravitational potential energy. Food is also an energy storage media, namely, chemical energy, even the ice can be said as a means of thermal energy storage and will be used when the need for cold temperature is required.
Senin, 24 Maret 2014
Transistor Grafin: For Super Fast Processors
Do you know how current your computer processor speed? Notebook processor speed or netbookmu? Do you know how the fastest computer processor speed? It turns out all the figures still Mega Hertz (MHz) or Giga Hertz (GHz).
Ever imagine what it's like to use a super fast computer with a speed of 40 Terra Hertz (40.000 GHz)?
This is what is being designed by a Professor of engineering physics named Walter de Heer. In 2008 he found a material for making semiconductors for use in devices including computer processors eletronik. Such material is grafin, a new form of carbon. During this time a semiconductor material that is used in electronic circuit comes from Silicon. We found a lot of Material in the contents of the pencil.
Had previously made models of carbon estimated could be more baih semiconductor material Silicon. And it turns out according to the model of grafin one of the most suitable. One ply of carbon with thicknesses of 1 atom can be made into transistors with speeds hundreds of times faster than today's silicon transistors. MIT Lincoln Laboratory along with, Walter made hundreds of transistors on a chip grafin. The result was further confirmed that the material could be a transistor grafin future generations.
He adds, the silicon transistor-based computer is currently only able to run the latest operating sejumlhha per second of it without over heating. However by grafin, electrons can move faster almost without a hitch so that the heat diihasilkan is also small. What's more, the material, the material itself is grafin conductor of heat so that the heat generated could soon be eliminated quickly. Therefore electronic based grafin will work much faster.
Aircraft Flying Swallow Technique
Have you ever seen a tornado or a whirl wind of a nipple-Pickaxe? All objects that are in the perimeter of the tornado will be flying into the lunar, such as smoked in the direction of the axis of the tornado. Why is it so? Because the air pressure inside a tornado is smaller than the pressure of the surrounding air. Differences in air pressure caused large enough to draw objects such as oil drums, the roof of the House, and even a water buffalo into the vortex of a tornado. So, what to do with swift? Whether swift was able to fly through the vortex of a tornado? Here's the story.
There is a kind of jet fighter equipped with a pair of wings that could be folded back and developed again. Types of wings like this is called a swept-wing, and the wing type is what gives the ability to fly fast and banked sharply for jet fighter – such as the ability of a swallow. Funny thing is, the flight engineers are already making use of the uniqueness of this bird, long before scientists understand and explain it. Not only peswat fighter jets, F-14 Tomcat which use techniques swallow this, but kind of the Concorde passenger jet as well.
Both types of aircraft flying over the need of high speed when flying, but also the ability to slow its speed when it was about to land, without losing altitude, or better to say without losing the ability to maintain the proper height, for reducing speed reduces thrust to the top of the air. Have you ever noticed a bird when about to land or resting on a tree branch? It also is one of the secrets of a swallow will be revealed here.
Experts-physicist
Experts-physicist Thomas Graham (1805-1869) was a Scottish chemist, inventor of Graham, the inventor of the science of law, colloidal chemistry, discoverer of several terms colloidal chemistry among other colloids, diffusion, osmosis, gels, sol, peptisasi, seneresis, kristaloid, and so on. He was born in Glasgow, Scotland, on 20 December 1805 and died in London on 11 september 1869 at the age of 64 years. His father wanted him to become a clergyman, but when I was in College in Glasgow, Graham falls in love with physics. Her father was very upset and does not want to again finance the needs of the College and his life. Graham even pleased because it is free from the pressures of parents. He was earning a living as an author and teacher, while continuing his studies. He graduated in 1826 at the age of 21 years.
Four years later he was appointed full professor in the Institute of so. In 1837 he was also so Professor at University College in London.
John William Struut Of Lord Reileigh: Inventor Of The Argon
Written by madmax
Wednesday, 18 February 2009 03: 06 pm
John William Struut, William ReileighJohn, Lord Struut, Lord Reileigh (1842 – 1919) was a United Kingdom physicist, winner of Nobel Prize for Physics (1904) because finding and isolating Argon (1895) with Ramsay (Scotland chemist). Reileigh also made fundamental discoveries in the field of acoustics and optics. He provided important contributions in almost all fields of classical physics. Except the, Rayleigh physicist also Rector of the University of Cambridge, Director of the laboratory, the President of the Royal Society, and an author.
Rayleigh was born at Terling Place, Witham, United Kingdom and died in Terling Place also on July 30, 1919 at the age of 77 years. Name Strutt. But since at the age of 31 years old he received his father's legacy, since then he is famous by the name of Lord Rayleigh. Lord is a title of nobility.
Charles Augustin de Coulomb: discoverer of Coulomb's law
Written by madmax
Friday, 30 January 2009 08: 06
Charles Augustin de CoulombCharles Augustin de Coulomb (1736-1806) was a physicist France. Discoverer of Coulomb's law (1785), the inventor of the balance of punter (torque,1777), military engineer, Inspector General of education, and author. He was born in Augouleme, France, on 14 June 1736 and died in Paris on August 23, 1806 at the age of 70 years.
He is very well known because it can measure electrical and magnetic force style carefully. His name in his honour as the unit of electric charge, is the couloumb (abbreviated C). A large number of electric charge = couloumb flowing through a conductor during one second, when a large flow of one ampere.
Couloumb Law reads as follows: "pull Style or the style defends two electrically charged objects is inversely proportional to its distance and is directly proportional to their respective big payloads". To measure the electric style, utilizing a punter or balance Couloumb balances the torque which is very sensitive.
Louis Victor duc De Broglie Wave Electron:
Written by madmax
Monday, 19 January 2009 10: 09 pm
Louis Victor BroglieLouis Victor De duc duc De Broglie (1892-1987) was a French physicist, inventor of the pure wave nature of the electron, author, Professor, doctor, Nobel Prize winners, members of the Institute of Sciences of France and the United Kingdom, Duke. He was born in Dieppe, France, on August 15, 1892 and died in Paris, France on 19 March 1987.
He descended from the high nobility, based in France. The actual name of the small town of Broglie in Normandy. Later the name was changed so the family name. Since the 17th century, the family emerged from the eminent military, political and diplomat.
In De Broglie physics textbooks to be used as the name of physicist who proposed the hypothesis that the wave nature of the electron.
Otto Hahn: Inventors Of The Core Division
Written by madmax
Sunday, 11 January 2009 07: 39 pm
HahnOtto Otto Hahn (1879-1968) was a chemist and physicist, discoverer of nuclear fission Germany (nuclear fission,1938), inventor of the radioactinium (1905), mesothorium (1907) and protakkctinium (1917), Ph.d., Professor, author, President of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society (1948-1960). Frietz Strassmann he got together with the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1944. Hahn was born in Frankfffurt am main, Germany, on March 8, 1879 and died in Göttingen, Germany, on July 28, 1968 at the age of 89 years since fall. At the age of 66 years her body was still solidly strong. At the age as old as he is fond of mountain climbing and keeping her condition with a run in the morning every day.
Hahn's father's glazier, he mengharakan Hahn so architects. Hahn's own wish to work in a company. While still in high school, Hahn did not seem to be so prominent people.
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