The material is a Gas phase. As a liquid, gas has the ability to drain and may change form. But different from the liquid, a gas that is not stuck not charge a predetermined volume, instead they inflate and fill any room in which they are located. Motion energy/kinetic energy in a gas is a substance the greatest form of the second (after the plasma). Due to the addition of this kinetic energy, the gas atoms and molecules often bouncing off one another, let alone if the kinetic energy is growing.
The word "gas" possible created by a chemist of Flanders as the spelling of the word for Greece, pelafalannya chaos (chaos).
A Brief History Of The Development Of Oceanography
Preliminary information about the main ocean exploration and trade comes from thousands of years ago. Cruise-cruise that leaves little written information. The Polynesian nation has embarked on a trip to the Pacific to trade around 4000 BC They learn from the experience of ocean sailing. Note the first voyage made by the Pharaoh Snefru around 3200 b.c. In 2750 BC Hannu led an expedition of exploration was first documented from Egypt to the southern Arabian peninsula and the Red Sea.
Some travel the ocean then carried out in the 15th century. The voyage of continents and managed to find the Islands recently. After that, the researchers began to follow their footsteps. Researchers began conducting research on the wind pasat, gulf stream, monsoon and so on.
The first recorded scientific investigations carried out in the 17th century. Edmond Halley started the investigation system of ocean currents and wind in 1685. After that other theories began to appear such as wind theory pasat, UPS and downs, the meridional circulation of the sea, and others. In 1751, Henry Ellis found the cold water below the surface layer. This shows the water coming from the polar regions. From 1768-1779, Captain James Cook had done three times. One of the successes of their voyage is he made a sounding in the depths of up to 400 m (1300 ft) and to obtain the accurate observations of winds, currents and water temperature. His observation is accurate providing much valuable information that he was named as one of the founders of Oceanography. In the United States, Benjamin Franklin, a head post office succeeded in making the first map of the Gulf Stream using information that has been collected by sailing his cousin Timothy Folger, in 1769. Because the data is extremely valuable, being a cruise later in 1847, Matthew Fontaine Maury set international exchange environmental data practices, commercial log book to map and graph that is obtained from the data.
The akuratnya charts and more information going Ocean made many people interested in mengeksplornya. Charles Darwin joined in the research ship the Beagle and became a naturalist from 1831-1836. He described, collect and classify organisms from land and sea. His theories about the formation of atolls is still accepted today. After that research-research on marine life and organisms in water is continuously performed.
Oceanographic exploration continues to grow from time to time. In 1873, the Mariners started doing data gathering observations of wind, currents, waves, temperature and other phenomena that can be observed from the deck of the ship. This became the beginning of the development of the Surface Oceanography. In 1873-1914, the Deep-Sea Exploration Expedition initiated through to examine the condition of the surface and sub-surface. Second time this became the beginning of systematic studies of biology, chemistry, and physics of the ocean known as the Challenger Expedition (1872-1876)
In the early 20th century established the Marine Biological Laboratory, University of California. In 1910-1913, Vilhelm Bjerknes published a book with the title the Dynamic Meteorology and Hydrography that laid the cornerstone of Geophysical Fluid Dynamics. In that book, he developed the idea of fronts, dynamic, geostropik flow meter, air-sea interaction, and also the storm. The Systematic National Surveys began in 1925-1940 through detailed research on the area's colonization. Then in 1947-1956, the New Methods, start to do research using new tools, such as seismic research. At this time, theories such as the circulation of the ocean and the Equatorial undercurrent in the Pacific expressed. Later in 1957 to 1978, the International Cooperation begins with doing research and learning process of the multinational Ocean. Theory of circulation published Stommel in the sea. While Kirk Bryan and Michael Cox developed a numerical model of the circulation of the ocean first. After that in 1978-1995 began time of Satellites through the research process of the oceans from space. NASA launched the first oceanographic satellite called SEASAT. Don't stop until there, in 1992, NASA teamed with CNES has developed and launched the Topex/Poseidon satellite, a mapping of surface ocean currents, tidal wave, and every ten days. A year later, for the first time the Topex/Poseidon science team published a map of the global ups and downs are accurate. With the development of science and technology, in 1995 to the present, building the Earth System Science marked with an inquiry about biological interaction globally, chemistry, Ocean and atmospheric physical processes as well as on the surface of the soil use in situ and space data in numerical model *.
Everything you see in after them made of material and all the materials on who takes the form of liquid, solid or gas. The material can be changed from one form to another form, for example when a solid ice cream melts and becomes a liquid.
Three forms of matter
All matter is composed of tiny particles called atoms. When two or more atoms join, the atoms that make up molecules. Atoms and molecules combine in different ways to form three types of matter i.e. solid, liquid and gas. This type of matter is called the third extant material. A form of matter that can be experienced by certain substances called phases of matter. Water is the very type of matter we know. The water usually is in a phase of solid (ice), liquid (water) phase and gas phase (steam).
Solid
Solid is a material that has the form and volume (the space occupied by solid, liquid, or gas). There are two main ways of solid particles can be composed, i.e. in rows neat or orderly in the order of which does not necessarily. The solid particles-partikelnya arranged in regular rows of neat called crystals. Common examples of crystals is mostly metal, diamond, ice, and salt crystals. The solid particles-partikelnya are not arranged regularly called amorphous. Amorphous solids are usually shiny or textured elastic. Common examples of amorphous solids are wax, glass, rubber, and plastics. Because the particles are clustered close together partikelnya blends, solids can not easily suppressed — solids cannot be narrowed further by pushing it down.
On solid, the individual particles are not moving fast enough to beat the force of attraction between the particles. The particles vibrate but bound tightly in place.
Liquid substances
Such as solid, liquid has a definite volume. Unlike a solid, a liquid substance will be shaped like the current container. Described as viscous liquid (fluid). Viscous is a substance with which molecules move freely past each other, so that its shape adapts viscous. Like solids, the particles in the liquid is composed in a meeting. Compressed liquid is also difficult.
On liquid, the molecules arranged a meeting. Even so, the particles have enough energy to overcome some of the nearby molecules tarik-menariknya and eased past each other.
Gas
Gas is a form of matter that is easy to change shape and volume. Such as liquid, gas is described as viscous. The particles in the gas quickly spread filling all available space. As there are great distances between the particles of gas, the gas can easily be compressed to reduce the volume.
In gases, the molecules move very quickly and individuals overcome almost all the styles between the particles. The particles move freely in the entire space occupied room.
Gas is one of the three States of matter and although this form is an integral part of the study of chemistry, this chapter mainly discusses only the relationship between the volume, temperature and pressure in both the gas and ideal gas is real, and the molecular kinetic theory of gases, and not directly chemistry. The main discussion was mainly about the change of physics, and chemical reactions are not discussion. However, the physical properties of a gas depend on its gaseous molecular structure and chemical properties of gas also depends on its structure. Behavior of the gas exists as a single molecule is a good example of relying on the microscopic structure of macroscopic properties.
a. the nature of gases
The properties of gases can be dirangkumkan as follows.
Gas is transparent.
Gas is distributed evenly in any form its spatial spaces.
Gas in the space will give pressure to the walls.
The Volume of gas is equal to the volume of their vessels. If the gas does not undertakes, gas volume will be an infinite magnitude, and the pressure is going to be infinitely small.
Gases diffuse into all directions no matter the pressure out there or not.
When two or more mixed gases, the gases would be distributed evenly.
Gas can be suppressed with the outside pressure. When the outside pressure is reduced, the gas expands.
When heated, gases expand when cooled down will be mengkerut.
From various properties above, the most important thing is the pressure of the gas. Suppose a liquid filled containers. When a liquid is cooled down and the volume of liquid is reduced, it will not satisfy the container again. However, the gas will always fulfil space no matter regardless of the temperature. That will be changed is the emphasis.
Tools used to measure gas pressure is a manometer. The prototype of the atmospheric pressure gauge, barometer, created by Torricelli.
Pressure is defined as force per unit area, so pressure = force/area.
In SI, the unit of force is the Newton (N), unit area m2, and the unit of pressure is the Pascal (Pa). 1 atm is approximately equal to the pressure of 1013 hPa.
1 atm = 1,01325 x 105 Pa = 1013,25 hPa
However, in units of non-SI units, Torr, roughly 1/760 of 1 atm, often used to measure the change of pressure in chemical reactions (www.chem-is-try.org)
b. Volume and pressure
The fact that the volume of a gas is changed when the pressure change has been observed since the 17th century by the French philosopher and Torricelli/saintis Blase Pascal (1623-1662). Boyle observed that by wearing the pressure with a certain volume of mercury, the volume of gas trapped in a tube closed at delas one end, would be reduced. In this experiment, the volume of gas measured at a pressure greater than 1 atm.
Boyle makes vacuum pumps use engineering tercangih is the time, and he observed that gas at pressures below 1 atm will expand. After he did a lot of experiments, Boyle suggested equations (6.1) to describe the relationship between pressure and volume V P of the gas. This relationship is known as Boyle's law.
PV = k (a constant) (6.1)
Graphical appearance of Boyle's experiments can be done in two ways. When P is plotted as ordinat and V as the absis, obtained a Hyperbola
c. Volume and temperature
After more than a century the discovery of Boyle's scientist got interested in the relationship between the volume and temperature of the gas. Perhaps because of thermal balloon became the topic of conversation in kotakota that time. French chemist Jacques Alexandre César Charles (1746-1823), a navigator's famous balloons at that time, to recognize that, at fixed pressure, volume of gas will increase when the temperature is raised. This relationship is called Charles's law, even though the data is not quantitative. Gay-Lussac was the one who then memplotkan the volume of gas against temperature and get a straight line (Figure 6.2). For this reason Charles's law is often called Gay-Lussac's law. Both Charles's law and law of Gay-Lussac roughly followed by all gas during condensation does not occur.
