Electricity is the nature of objects that arise from the presence of electric charge. Electricity, can also be interpreted as follows:
Electricity is the condition of certain subatomic particles, such as electrons and protons, which led to the withdrawal and rejection of styles in between.
Electricity is a source of energy that is transmitted via cable. Electric current arises because the electric charge flows from positive to negative channels channels.
Along with magnetism, electricity form the fundamental interaction is known as electromagnetism. Electricity allows the occurrence of many physical phenomena which are widely known, such as lightning, electric field and electric current. Electricity is widely used in industrial applications such as electronic and electrical power.
Thermal energy storage is temporary energy storage or removal of heat for use at a later date. Thermal energy storage that are common at this time is useful for ice storage move heat when needed. Ice is made at night when peak loads. This method is recommended and developed by the u.s. Green Building Council's Leadership in Energy Efficiency program and Environmental Design to arouse the development of building design-capable high that is safe for the environment.
The advantage of making ice at night include: after passing the peak load electricity have lower fees so that cheaper, and energy to cool the ice on a cold night is faster and requires less energy, so the ice can be produced in an amount more. It can be said that in this way, a lot of energy from the power plant was saved while more energy is released from storage for some time.
Many renewable energy as a source of energy which cannot always be utilized because a limitation (solar energy, wind, etc.), but can be used to fill in the supply of energy while other sources of energy are stored for use on electric transmission network, or the energy source used to fill out the electrical system network when required. If the loss of energy when the distribution and costs can be set, then this type of energy can become a mainstay.
Solar energy, even though it currently cannot be used throughout the day, but currently have designed solar energy satellites are useful for capturing the energy of the Sun via satellite through outer space and didstribusikan to Earth in different ways so that the solar energy utilization can become longer with the amount of energy taken bigger (because the Sun's energy in space greater than solar energy that has touched the surface of the Earth).
Energy can be stored by pumping water up to a certain height and released into electrical energy when needed.
Pressurized air is a cheap energy storage method using electrical energy cheap while being not happening peak loads. Pressurized air can be stored in underground reservoirs. The pressurized air is then released when peak loads for supplying electric energy and can be heated using the heat removed by machines or electric generators to increase the pressure.
This point has developed a fuel that is made from Boron, is said to have no emissions and better than hydrogen fuel because it is more difficult to ignite by a little fire. Boron does not produce emissions due to actual results only in the form of boron oxide, but generates significant energy.
Silicone is also said to have the potential to be used as fuel. Pure silicone can easily catch fire spontaneously in the air, while in the Earth's crust, about 75% of the total mass of the Earth's crust in the form of Silicon oxide. In addition, the silicone can also easily react with other compounds and produce energy. The reaction of silicon with some type of other chemicals produce hydrogen.
Zinc has also been proposed to be a source of chemical energy. Reaction of zinc oxide and carbon free (e.g. biomass) with the help of sunlight will result in ZnO and carbon monoxide and energy of 84 kcal per mol. While the carbon monoxide produced can be burned to carbon dioxide to produce energy of 70 kcal per mol.
Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, experimentally, has been converted into hydrocarbon fuel with the help of energy from other sources. In order to be useful in industry, energy used may be coming from the Sun, and in the future will appear artificial photosynthesis technology. Other alternatives for energy is electricity or heat from solar energy or nuclear.
Compared to hydrogen, almost all hydrocarbon fuels have the advantage of instant use with machinery and infrastructure available today. Generate synthetic hydrocarbon reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere until the fuel burnt longer, so that the same amount of carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere.
Energy storage methods
Methane
Methane is the simplest hydrocarbon with the molecular formula CH4. Methane is more easily stored than hydrogen and the infrastructure and facilities of transportation available today. Methane can be generated by power plants through the process of with Sabatier is preceded by the electrolysis of water. The process is as follows:
2 H2O--> 2 H2 + O2
CO2 + 4 H2-CH4 + 2 H2O >
The methane produced is stored and will be used to generate electricity when needed. The water resulting from the production process can be used again for electrolysis, thereby reducing the need for clean water. Oxygen is generated in that process will be used for combustion of methane when the need for energy is required so that the combustion occurs will be more perfect and the resulting energy more efficiently.
The resulting carbon dioxide will go back into the Sabatier process and water vapor will be dikondensasikan to enter into the electrolysis. See the process, this is just a cycle that does not produce greenhouse gases at all in the process.
Hydrogen is being developed as an energy storage medium. Hydrogen is not a primary energy source, but a portable energy storage method, because hydrogen has to be produced by other energy sources. However, as an energy storage medium, may be significant when viewed his role as renewable energy.
Hydrogen can be used in conventional internal combustion engine or fuel cell that converts the chemical energy directly into electrical energy without any combustion. The production process of hydrogen requires natural gas conversion process by steam, or in a way that might be more ecologically, electrolysis of water into hydrogen and oxygen. A long way to produce carbon dioxide as a by-product in the process.
Loss of energy occurs in a hydrogen storage cycle of production for direct use on vehicles, condensation or compression, and conversion back into electricity, as well as hydrogen storage cycle for the stationary fuel cell usage as a combination of heat and energy with micro-biohidrogen, condensation or compression, and conversion into electricity.
With renewable energy that can not always available such as wind and solar energy, the output of both that energy into electrical energy may be able to perform electrolysis. Whatever the odds are, whether the conversion capabilities of solar and wind energy into electricity are quite low or the energy required to change water into hydrogen, hydrogen is only an energy storage medium will be used only if needed.
Nuclear experts said that using nuclear energy to produce hydrogen will solve the problem of inefficiency in producing hydrogen. They underline sends the possibility of using nuclear power plants at full capacity with continuous electric energy supply to the local power transmission network at peak loads. This means greater efficiency for the NUCLEAR POWER PLANT. The fourth generation of NUCLEAR reactors has the potential to separate hydrogen from water by means of thermo-nuclear heat cycle using iodine-sulfur.
The efficiency of hydrogen penyiimpanan generally range from 50 to 60% overall, which means lower than batteries. It takes about 50 kWh to produce one kilogram of hydrogen by electrolysis, so the cost of the electricity to produce it is important to be discussed. If you use the standard price of Rp. 294,00 per kWh, will then take charge of Rp. 2,000 per kg of hydrogen 14.700, however it does not include other costs such as electrolysis, compressors or condensation, storage, and transportation of the magnitude cannot be ignored.
Underground hydrogen storage is the storage of hydrogen activities in caves, salt domes, or natural gas and oil fields have been exhausted. Large amounts of hydrogen gas has been save by Imperial Chemical Industries in underground caves since a couple of years ago without trouble. Storage of large quantities of hydrogen underground can function as mass energy storage which is essential for the hydrogen keekonomian aspects in the future.
Energy storage methods
Biofuels
Various biofuels such as biodiesel, vegetable oil, alcohol fuels, or biomass can be used to replace hydrocarbon fuels. Various chemical processes can convert the carbon and hydrogen in coal, natural gas, biomass from plants and animals, as well as organic wastes into short chain hydrocarbons suitable as replacements for existing hydrocarbon fuels at this time. Examples are Fischer-Tropsch diesel, methanol, dimethyl ether, or syngas. With oil prices above 35 USD was enough economically promising for biofuel to produce en masse (ECN, 1994).
Network storage energy makes energy producers send excess electricity from the electrical transmission network to the storage location of energy that will be issued when electricity needs grow. Energy storage network plays an important role in balancing the supply and demand of energy.
Energy storage is a natural process that is as old as the age of the universe. Energy appears on the initial creation of the universe and has been stored in various media such as stars, which currently can be used by humans directly (with solar heating), or indirectly (via mariculture farms). Energy storage enables humans to balance the needs and availability of energy.
Energy storage systems commercially today can be categorized into mechanical energy, thermal, chemical, electrical, and nuclear.
As an activity, energy storage has been ongoing since prehistoric times, although not so clearly described as the activities in energy storage. An example is the use of wooden beams and large rocks for defence against the enemy; wooden beams and large rocks was ousted from the Hill to attack the enemies who invade.
Applications that still exists today in terms of energy storage is the control of waterways to drive a steamroller for the processing of the crops or moving the machine. A complex system of dams and reservoirs were built to store water as a source of potential energy. In some areas in the world, with the use of geographic advantage can store large amounts of water when the reservoir is not required, and is released into electrical energy during peak load electricity.
Energy storage (historical) 1
Energy storage became a major factor in economic development with the spread of electrical energy and purification of chemical fuel such as gasoline, kerosene and natural gas in the late 1800s. Unlike the organic energy storage media such as wood or coal, electricity has been used as soon as it is generated the first time. Electricity is often not stored on a large scale, but one day it will be a lot going on with the discovery of electric energy storage technologies like NiMH and Lithium ion battery which is already and able to store electric energy and mensuplainya for electric cars that exist today. Energy storage would be necessary given some type of energy sources cannot be relied upon forever. The wind is not blowing for turbine forever, light from the Sun can not be utilized optimally when cloudy weather or at night. Water power stations even today many are faced by the threat of drought.
Problem solving in energy storage for the purpose of electricity begins with the discovery of the battery at the first time. Electrochemical energy storage device is used to a limited extent because its capacity is small and the cost to make that expensive compared to electric energy produced by electrical pemangkit on the same amounts of energy. Other settlements of the same problem is found with the capacitors.
Energy storage (historical) 2
Chemical fuels have become a common form of energy storage, both in transportation and power plants, though some are difficult to produce returns of constituent. Chemical fuel that is commonly used is coal, gasoline, diesel, natural gas, LPG, propane, butane, ethanol, biodiesel, and hydrogen. This immediately fuel can be converted into mechanical energy and electricity with heat engines (turbine with boilers or internal combustion engines). This type of electric generators used in almost every power plant in the entire world.
Electrochemical devices such as fuel cell developed at the same time with batteries. However, for various reasons, the fuel cell is not well-developed until the manned space flight emerges where non thermal power source required in spacecraft. Development of the fuel cell has been increased this year as a result of the demand for non-energy hydrocarbon source increases.
At this point, liquid hydrocarbon fuels is becoming the dominant form of energy use. However, this type of fuel would produce greenhouse gases when used to drive the engine cars, trucks, trains, ships, and airplanes. The non-carbon energy such as hydrogen, or low carbon emissions such as ethanol and biodiesel, developed to respond to threats that are likely to occur as a result of greenhouse gas emissions.
Several other technologies have also been researched as flywheel or storage of compressed air.
Electricity is the nature of objects that arise from the presence of electric charge. Electricity, can also be interpreted as follows:
Electricity is the condition of certain subatomic particles, such as electrons and protons, which led to the withdrawal and rejection of styles in between.
Electricity is a source of energy that is transmitted via cable. Electric current arises because the electric charge flows from positive to negative channels channels.
Along with magnetism, electricity form the fundamental interaction is known as electromagnetism. Electricity allows the occurrence of many physical phenomena which are widely known, such as lightning, electric field and electric current. Electricity is widely used in industrial applications such as electronic and electrical power.
Electrical properties
Electricity gave rise to the 4 fundamental forces of nature, and its remains in objects can be measured. In this case, the phrase "the amount of electricity used also with the phrase" electrical charge "as well as" the amount of the charge ". There are 2 types of electric charge: positive and negative. Through experiments, payload-a kind of mutual refused and charge-opposite sex attracted to each other. The magnitude of this style is exciting and rejecting established by Coulomb. Some of the effects of power discussed in electrical and electromagnetic phenomena.
The SI unit of electric charge is the coulomb, which has stood for "C". The symbol Q is used in the equation to represent a quantity of electricity or charge. For example, "Q = 0.5 C" means "the quantity of electric charge is the coulomb 0.5".
If the electricity flowing through the special materials, such as tungsten and tungsten, of light emitted by metal will flare it up. Such materials are used in a light bulb (bulb or bulblamp).
Whenever electricity flows through materials which have barriers, it will be hot removed. The greater the flow of electricity, then the heat arising will be doubled. These properties are used on elements of irons and electric stove.
Particle physics is a branch of physics that studies the elementary subatomic constituents of particles of matter and radiation, and the interactions between them. He is also called high energy physics, because many elementary particles do not occur under normal circumstances in nature, but can be created and detected during energetic collisions of other particles, as is done in particle accelerators.
Subatomic Particles
Advanced particle physics research is focused on the Sub-Atomic particles, including atomic constituents such as electrons, protons, and neutrons (protons and neutrons are actually composite particles made up of quarks), particles produced by radioactive and scattering processes, such as photons, neutrinos, and muons, as well as a wide range of exotic particles.
Actually, the term particle is a misnomer because the dynamics of particle physics are governed by quantum mechanics. As such, they exhibit wave-particle duality, such as particles in the experiment and conditions such as seubah in wave conditions other circumstances (more technically they are described by State vectors in a Hilbert space; see quantum field theory). Following the Convention of particle physicists, "elementary particles" refer to objects such as electrons and photons and "particles" display wave-like properties as well.
All the particles and their interactions were observed until the present can be described entirely by a quantum field theory called the standard Model. The standard Model has 17 species of elementary particles: 12 fermions (24 if you count antiparticles separately), 4 vector bosons (5 If you count antiparticles separately), and 1 scalar bosons. This basic particles can combine to form composite particles, which now reach hundreds of its kind since the first composite particle found in the 1960s. the standard Model has been found to conform to almost any test experiments conducted at the moment. However, most particle physicists believe that this model is still not able to give a complete explanation of nature, and that there is a more fundamental theory. In recent years, the size of the neutrino mass have provided the first experimental deviations from the standard Model.
History
The idea that all matter is composed of elementary particles starting from at least the 6th century BC philosophical doctrine of atomism and the nature of elementary particles were studied by Philosophers of ancient Greece such as Democritus, Epicurus and Democritus, philosophers of ancient India such as Dignaga and Dharmakirti, Canada; medieval scientists such as Alhazen, Avicenna and Algazel; and early European modern physicists such as Pierre Gassendi, Robert Boyle and Isaac Newton. Particle theory of light was also proposed by Alhazen, Avicenna, Gassendi and Newton. Early ideas were founded in abstract, philosophical reasoning rather than experimentation and empirical observation.
In the 19th century, John Dalton, through his work on stoichiometry, concluded that every natural element is composed of one type of particle that is unique. Dalton and his contemporaries believed these were the fundamental particles of nature and thus named them atoms, from the word Greece atomos, meaning "indivisible". However, near the end of the century, physicists discovered that the atom is apparently not fundamental particles of nature, but a combination of particles smaller particle. Research of nuclear physics and quantum physics in the early 20th century culminated in proofs of nuclear fission in 1939 by Lise Meitner (based on experiments by Otto Hahn), and nuclear fusion by Hans Bethe in the same year. These discoveries gave rise to an active industry for generating one atom from another, possibly even doing (although not profitable) the transmutation of lead into gold. They also lead to the development of nuclear weapons. Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, various particle Scattering experiments found that referred to as the "particle Zoo". This term has been abandoned after the formulation of the standard Model during the 1970s in which a large number of particles, it is described as a combination of a number of fundamental particles.
Field theory
Field theory is a theory of physics to study the dynamics of elementary particles by assuming the particles as the terrain.
Colloidal systems (hereinafter abbreviated as "colloid") is a form of mixed system (dispersion) of two or more substances that are homogeneous the dispersed particle size but it has a fairly large (1-100 nm), and thus exposed to the effects of Tyndall. The dispersed particles of homogeneous mean are not affected by the force of gravity or other forces imposed on him; so there happen to precipitation, for example. This homogeneous properties also owned by aqueous solution, but is not owned by a mixture of regular (suspension).
Colloids are easily found everywhere: milk, agar-agar, ink, shampoo, and the clouds are examples of Colloids can be found everyday. The cytoplasm within the cell is also a colloidal system. A separate study into colloidal chemistry in the chemical industry due to its importance.
All kinds of Colloids
Colloids have varied shapes, depending on the phase of a substance pendispersi and terdispersinya substances. Some types of Colloids:
Aerosols that have substance pendispersi in the form of gas. Aerosol liquid dispersed substances that have called liquid aerosols (e.g.: fog and clouds) while having a solid dispersed substances called solid aerosols (example: smoke and dust in the air).
Sol colloid of solid particles dispersed in the liquid. (Example: the river water, sol, sol SOAP detergent and ink).
Colloid emulsion of liquid substances dispersed in the liquid, but the liquid substance that both not mutually dissolve. (Example: coconut milk, milk, mayonaise, and fish oil).
Colloidal Systems from scum gas dispersed in a liquid. (Example: the processing metal ores, fire extinguishers, cosmetics and others).
Rigid colloid Gel or half solid and half the liquid. (Example: gelatin, glue).
Properties of Colloids
Tyndall Effect
Tyndall effect is the phenomenon of scattering x-ray beam (of light) by colloidal particles. This is because the molecular size of Colloids. Tyndall effect was discovered by John Tyndall (1820-1893), a United Kingdom physicist. Therefore it is called the tyndall effect properties.
Tyndall effect is an effect that occurs when an aqueous solution exposed to sunlight. At the time of the true solution irradiated with light, then the solution will not scatter light, whereas in Kolo, the light will be dissipated. It happened because the colloidal particles have particles that are relatively large in order to scatter the light. Instead, the true solution, particles-partikelnya is relatively small so that the scattering that occurs just a little bit and it is very difficult to observe.
Brownian Motion
Brownian motion is the motion of colloidal particles are always moving straight but uncertain (random motion/irregular). If we observe the colloid under ultra microscope, then we will see that these particles will move in a zigzag form. This zigzag movement called Brownian motion. The particles of a substance are always moving. The movement can be random as in liquid and gas substances (called Brownian motion), while on the solid beroszillasi on-site only (not including Brownian motion). For colloids with medium pendispersi liquid or gaseous substances, the movement of the particles will produce collisions with colloidal particles itself. The collision took place from all directions. Because the particle size is small enough, then the collision happened is likely to be unbalanced. So there is a resultant collisions which cause changes of direction of motion of the particle motion so zigzag or Brownian motion.
The smaller the particle size of colloids, the faster the Brownian motion that occurs. Similarly, the larger size of colloidal particles, Brownian motion, the slower going. This explains why the motion hard Brown observed in solution and is not found in the heterogeneous mixture of liquid with solids (suspension). Brownian motion is also affected by temperature. The higher the temperature of the colloidal system, then the greater the kinetic energy of the particles of the medium belongs to the pendispersinya. As a result, Brownian motion of particles terdispersinya phase more quickly. And vice versa, the lower the temperature of the colloidal system, Brownian motion is getting slower.
Adsorption
Adsorption is a occasion of absorption of particles or ions or other compounds on the surface of colloidal particles caused by the surface area of the particle. (Note: Adsorption with absorption must be distinguished from the means of absorption that occurs inside a particle). Example: (i) Colloidal Fe (OH) 3 is because the surface absorbs positively charged H + ions. (ii) the negatively charged Colloidal As2S3 because their surface absorb ion S2.
The charge of Colloids
Known two kinds of colloids, which are positively charged colloidal and negatively charged colloid.
Coagulation of Colloids
Colloidal particles clotting is coagulation and form a sediment. With the onset of coagulation, the dispersed substances means no longer form a colloid. Coagulation can occur physically like heating, cooling and stirring or chemically like the addition of electrolytes, colloidal mixing of different payloads.
Protective colloid
Protective colloid colloids is having other colloids can protect nature of the process of coagulation.
Dialysis
Dialysis is the separation of Colloids from ions of a bully in this way is called the process of dialysis. That is to drain the fluid mixed with colloidal semi permeable membrane through which functions as a filter. This semi permeable membrane can be bypassed the liquid but can not be bypassed, so Colloids and colloid liquid will split up.
Electrophoresis
Elektroferesis is a colloidal particle separation events charge by using an electric current.
Reviewed from the perspective of physics, every physical system conceived (Alternately, storing) amounts of energy; How exactly is determined by taking the sum of a number of specific expressions, each of which is designed to measure the energy stored in particular. In General, the presence of observers is known by every energy there is a change of the nature of the object or system. There is no uniform way to show energy.
Unit
SI and related units
The SI unit for energy is the joule's work and (J), named in honor of James Prescott Joule and his experiments in mechanical heat equation. In more basic terms 1 joule equals 1 newton-metre and, in terms of the SI base units, 1 J equal to 1 kg m2 s − 2.
Work is defined as "an integral limit" as far as the force F s
Kinetic energy
Kinetic energy is the energy associated with the motion of an object.
Potential energy
In contrast to the kinetic energy, which is energy due to the motion of a system, or the internal movement of particle, the potential energy of a system is the energy associated with the space configuration of its components and their interactions with each other. The number of particles that emit the style to each other automatically form a system with potential energy. The styles, for example, can arise from electrostatic interactions (see Coulomb's law), or gravity.
Internal energy
Internal energy is the kinetic energy associated with the motion of the molecules, and the potential energy associated with the vibrational and electric energy of rotation of the atoms in the molecule. The internal energy as energy is a function of the circumstances that can be calculated in a system.
Energy Storage Media is a method or a tool to keep some form of energy that can be taken at any given time for various purposes. A device used to store energy is sometimes called an accumulator. All forms of energy which belong to the potential energy (eg: chemical energy, electrical energy, and so forth) or thermal energy can be stored. Rotary mechanical clock store potential energy in a mechanical voltage.
Batteries store chemical energy that can be converted directly into electrical energy by connecting the two poles with electrical equipment. Energy-saving hydroelectric dams with reservoir water as gravitational potential energy. Food is also an energy storage media, namely, chemical energy, even the ice can be said as a means of thermal energy storage and will be used when the need for cold temperature is required.
Do you know how current your computer processor speed? Notebook processor speed or netbookmu? Do you know how the fastest computer processor speed? It turns out all the figures still Mega Hertz (MHz) or Giga Hertz (GHz).
Ever imagine what it's like to use a super fast computer with a speed of 40 Terra Hertz (40.000 GHz)?
This is what is being designed by a Professor of engineering physics named Walter de Heer. In 2008 he found a material for making semiconductors for use in devices including computer processors eletronik. Such material is grafin, a new form of carbon. During this time a semiconductor material that is used in electronic circuit comes from Silicon. We found a lot of Material in the contents of the pencil.
Had previously made models of carbon estimated could be more baih semiconductor material Silicon. And it turns out according to the model of grafin one of the most suitable. One ply of carbon with thicknesses of 1 atom can be made into transistors with speeds hundreds of times faster than today's silicon transistors. MIT Lincoln Laboratory along with, Walter made hundreds of transistors on a chip grafin. The result was further confirmed that the material could be a transistor grafin future generations.
He adds, the silicon transistor-based computer is currently only able to run the latest operating sejumlhha per second of it without over heating. However by grafin, electrons can move faster almost without a hitch so that the heat diihasilkan is also small. What's more, the material, the material itself is grafin conductor of heat so that the heat generated could soon be eliminated quickly. Therefore electronic based grafin will work much faster.
Have you ever seen a tornado or a whirl wind of a nipple-Pickaxe? All objects that are in the perimeter of the tornado will be flying into the lunar, such as smoked in the direction of the axis of the tornado. Why is it so? Because the air pressure inside a tornado is smaller than the pressure of the surrounding air. Differences in air pressure caused large enough to draw objects such as oil drums, the roof of the House, and even a water buffalo into the vortex of a tornado. So, what to do with swift? Whether swift was able to fly through the vortex of a tornado? Here's the story.
There is a kind of jet fighter equipped with a pair of wings that could be folded back and developed again. Types of wings like this is called a swept-wing, and the wing type is what gives the ability to fly fast and banked sharply for jet fighter – such as the ability of a swallow. Funny thing is, the flight engineers are already making use of the uniqueness of this bird, long before scientists understand and explain it. Not only peswat fighter jets, F-14 Tomcat which use techniques swallow this, but kind of the Concorde passenger jet as well.
Both types of aircraft flying over the need of high speed when flying, but also the ability to slow its speed when it was about to land, without losing altitude, or better to say without losing the ability to maintain the proper height, for reducing speed reduces thrust to the top of the air. Have you ever noticed a bird when about to land or resting on a tree branch? It also is one of the secrets of a swallow will be revealed here.
Experts-physicist Thomas Graham (1805-1869) was a Scottish chemist, inventor of Graham, the inventor of the science of law, colloidal chemistry, discoverer of several terms colloidal chemistry among other colloids, diffusion, osmosis, gels, sol, peptisasi, seneresis, kristaloid, and so on. He was born in Glasgow, Scotland, on 20 December 1805 and died in London on 11 september 1869 at the age of 64 years. His father wanted him to become a clergyman, but when I was in College in Glasgow, Graham falls in love with physics. Her father was very upset and does not want to again finance the needs of the College and his life. Graham even pleased because it is free from the pressures of parents. He was earning a living as an author and teacher, while continuing his studies. He graduated in 1826 at the age of 21 years.
Four years later he was appointed full professor in the Institute of so. In 1837 he was also so Professor at University College in London.
John William Struut Of Lord Reileigh: Inventor Of The Argon
Written by madmax
Wednesday, 18 February 2009 03: 06 pm
John William Struut, William ReileighJohn, Lord Struut, Lord Reileigh (1842 – 1919) was a United Kingdom physicist, winner of Nobel Prize for Physics (1904) because finding and isolating Argon (1895) with Ramsay (Scotland chemist). Reileigh also made fundamental discoveries in the field of acoustics and optics. He provided important contributions in almost all fields of classical physics. Except the, Rayleigh physicist also Rector of the University of Cambridge, Director of the laboratory, the President of the Royal Society, and an author.
Rayleigh was born at Terling Place, Witham, United Kingdom and died in Terling Place also on July 30, 1919 at the age of 77 years. Name Strutt. But since at the age of 31 years old he received his father's legacy, since then he is famous by the name of Lord Rayleigh. Lord is a title of nobility.
Charles Augustin de Coulomb: discoverer of Coulomb's law
Written by madmax
Friday, 30 January 2009 08: 06
Charles Augustin de CoulombCharles Augustin de Coulomb (1736-1806) was a physicist France. Discoverer of Coulomb's law (1785), the inventor of the balance of punter (torque,1777), military engineer, Inspector General of education, and author. He was born in Augouleme, France, on 14 June 1736 and died in Paris on August 23, 1806 at the age of 70 years.
He is very well known because it can measure electrical and magnetic force style carefully. His name in his honour as the unit of electric charge, is the couloumb (abbreviated C). A large number of electric charge = couloumb flowing through a conductor during one second, when a large flow of one ampere.
Couloumb Law reads as follows: "pull Style or the style defends two electrically charged objects is inversely proportional to its distance and is directly proportional to their respective big payloads". To measure the electric style, utilizing a punter or balance Couloumb balances the torque which is very sensitive.
Louis Victor duc De Broglie Wave Electron:
Written by madmax
Monday, 19 January 2009 10: 09 pm
Louis Victor BroglieLouis Victor De duc duc De Broglie (1892-1987) was a French physicist, inventor of the pure wave nature of the electron, author, Professor, doctor, Nobel Prize winners, members of the Institute of Sciences of France and the United Kingdom, Duke. He was born in Dieppe, France, on August 15, 1892 and died in Paris, France on 19 March 1987.
He descended from the high nobility, based in France. The actual name of the small town of Broglie in Normandy. Later the name was changed so the family name. Since the 17th century, the family emerged from the eminent military, political and diplomat.
In De Broglie physics textbooks to be used as the name of physicist who proposed the hypothesis that the wave nature of the electron.
Otto Hahn: Inventors Of The Core Division
Written by madmax
Sunday, 11 January 2009 07: 39 pm
HahnOtto Otto Hahn (1879-1968) was a chemist and physicist, discoverer of nuclear fission Germany (nuclear fission,1938), inventor of the radioactinium (1905), mesothorium (1907) and protakkctinium (1917), Ph.d., Professor, author, President of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society (1948-1960). Frietz Strassmann he got together with the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1944. Hahn was born in Frankfffurt am main, Germany, on March 8, 1879 and died in Göttingen, Germany, on July 28, 1968 at the age of 89 years since fall. At the age of 66 years her body was still solidly strong. At the age as old as he is fond of mountain climbing and keeping her condition with a run in the morning every day.
Hahn's father's glazier, he mengharakan Hahn so architects. Hahn's own wish to work in a company. While still in high school, Hahn did not seem to be so prominent people.
Although physics discuss the multiform system, there are several theories that is used overall in physics, not in one plane only. Each theory is believed to be correct, in particular the validity of the region. For example, the theory of classical mechanics can explain the movement of objects with precision, as long as this thing is bigger than atoms and moving at speeds much slower than the speed of light. These theories are still being examined; for example, the admirable aspect of classical mechanics known as chaos theory are found in the twentieth century, three centuries after formulated by Isaac Newton. However, few physicists who consider these basic theories diverge. Therefore, the theories are used as the basis for research into more specialized topics, and all of the principals of physics, whatever his speciality, are expected to understand the theories.
physics theories
The main concepts of the theory of Subtopik
Classical mechanics of Newton's law of motion, Lagrangian Mechanics, Hamiltonian Mechanics, chaos theory, fluid dynamics, mechanics kontinuum dimension, space, time, motion, Speed, Length, mass, Momentum, Energy, Force, Torque, angular Momentum, conservation law, harmonic oscillator lines, wave Power, effort,
Electrostatic, electromagnetic, Electric Magnetisitas, Maxwell's equations, the flow of electric charge, electric field, magnetic field, electromagnetic field, Electromagnetic Radiation, Magnetic Monopole
Thermodynamics and statistical mechanics, the kinetic theory of heat Engines Boltzmann constant, Entropy, free energy, heat, partition function, temperature
The Path integral formulation of quantum mechanics, the Schrödinger equation, quantum field theory Hamiltonian, identical Particles, the binding of Planck's quantum, quantum harmonic oscillator lines, the wave function, the zero-point Energy
The theory of special relativity, the equivalence principle of general relativity, the four-momentum, frame of reference, time-space, the speed of light
Research in physics is divided into several fields that study different aspects of the material world. Condensed matter physics, estimated as a physics major, studying the properties of objects, such as solid objects and liquids that we encounter every day, that comes from mutual interaction of properties and atoms. Physics, Atomic, molecular, optical and dealing with individual atoms and molecules, and the way they absorb and emit light. The field of particle physics, also known as "high-energy physics", studying the properties of particles, super small, much smaller than atoms, including the fundamental particles that make up other objects. Finally, applying the laws of physics Astrophysics to explain astronomical phenomena, ranging from the Sun and other objects in the solar system to the universe as a whole.
Area sub-fields main Concept Theory
Planetary science, cosmology, astrophysics, plasma physics of the Big Bang, cosmic Inflation, general relativity, the universal law of gravity of black holes, cosmic background radiation, Galaxy, gravity,
Gravitational Radiation, planets, solar system, stars
Accelerator Physics particle physics Nuclear Physics, the standard Model, the theory of unification, M-theory of Fundamental Forces (gravitational, electromagnetic, weak, strong), the particle element, Antimatter, spontaneous symmetry Braking, Playlist, the overall theory of vacuum Energy
Condensed matter physics, solid-state physics, material Physics, polymer Physics, BCS theory, granular Material Wave Fermi Gas, Bloch, Fermi Liquid theory of many-body phase (solid, liquid, gas, Bose-Einstein Condensate, superconductor, superflu), conduction of electricity, Magnetism, organizing themselves, Rotate, symmetry Braking sponta
Since antiquity, people have tried to understand the nature of the objects: why not supported objects fall to the ground, why different materials have different properties, and so on. The other is the nature of the universe, such as the shape of the Earth and celestial objects such as the nature of the Sun and the moon.
Several theories proposed and many wrong. The theory depends a lot of philosophy, and was never ascertained by systematic experiments as popular nowadays. There are exceptions: for example, anachronism and thinker Archimedes Greece lose many quantitative description right from the mechanical and hydrostatic.
historical physicists
In the early 17th century, Galileo opens up the use of experiments to ascertain the truth of the theory of physics, which is the key of the method of science. Galileo formulated and successfully tested several results from mechanical dynamics, especially Law Inert. In 1687, Isaac Newton's Mathematical principles of Natural Philosophy published, provide a clear explanation and a successful physics theories: Newton's law of motion, which is a source of classical mechanics; and the law of Gravitation, which describes the fundamental forces of gravity. This theory fits in both experiments. Prinsipia also incorporate some theory in fluid dynamics. Classical mechanics developed heavily by Joseph-Louis de Lagrange, William Rowan Hamilton, and others, who created the formula, principles, and new results. Legal Gravitas start Astrophysics, describing astronomical phenomena using the theory of physics.
From the 18th century onward, thermodynamics was developed by Robert Boyle, Thomas Young, and many others. In 1733, Daniel Bernoulli used statistical arguments in classical mechanics to derive thermodynamic results, started the field of statistical mechanics. In 1798, Thompson demonstrated the conversion of heat into mechanical work, and in 1847 James Joule stated the law of conservation of energy, in the form of mechanical energy in panasa.
The nature of electricity and magnetism are studied by Michael Faraday, Georg Ohm and others. In 1855, James Clerk Maxwell unifies the two phenomena into one theory of electromagnetism, described by Maxwell's equations. Estimates of this theory is the light is electromagnetic waves.
Nature of science and Science Education in primary school
Natural Sciences (IPA) or science in the sense described above is a narrow discipline consisting of physical sciences (physical sciences) and life sciences (Biological Sciences). That includes the physical sciences are Sciences of astronomy, chemistry, geology, [[mineralogy]], meteorology, and physics, while the life science includes Anatomy, Physiology, zoology, microbiology, embryology, citologi.
IPA (Sci) attempt to generate interest to enhance human intelligence and his understanding of nature with all its contents is full of secrets that are inexhaustible. With the secret veil of natural tersingkapnya it one by one, as well as flowing out of the information it generates, the more extensive coverage of science and the birth of terapannya, i.e., the technology is wide. But from the time that the longer the distance the more narrow, so that the slogan "Science these days is the technology of tomorrow" is a motto many times proven by history. Even now the integral science and technology into the culture of science and technology co-exist (complimentary), like currencies, i.e. one side contains the very essence of Science (the nature of Science) and the other side contains the meaning of technology (the meaning of technology).
IPA discusses the symptoms of nature are organized systematically based on the results of experiments and observations made by humans. It is as expressed by Powler (in Vienna-son, 1992: 125) that IPA is the science that deals with the symptoms and nature of the material that is systematically arranged on a regular basis, generally in the form of a collection of obervasi and experimental results.
Natural science or science (science) is derived from the latin word Scientia meaning literally that is knowledge, but then evolved into a special natural science or science. Sund Trowbribge and formulate that science is a collection of knowledge and process.
Whereas Kuslan Stone mentions that Science is a collection of knowledge and the means to obtain and make use of that knowledge. Science is a product and a process can not be separated. "Real Science is both product and process, inseparably Joint" (Agus. S. 2003: 11)
Science as a process of steps taken scientists to conduct an inquiry in order to seek an explanation of the nature of the symptoms. The step is to formulate the problem, formulate a hypothesis, designing experiments, collect data, analyse and end concluded. From here it appears that the fundamental characteristics of Science is the quantification of natural phenomena that may take the form of quantity.
Optics is the branch of physics that describes the behavior and properties of light and the interaction of light with matter. Optics explains optical phenomena and colored by. The word optics comes from the Latin ὀπτική, which means the display.
Optics usually describes the nature of the visible light, infrared and ultraviolet; but because the light is electromagnetic waves, the same symptoms also occur in x-rays, microwaves, radio waves and other forms of electromagnetic radiation and similar symptoms as well as in the spotlight of the particle charge (charged beam). Optics in General can be considered to be part of keelektromagnetan. Some optical phenomena depend on the quantum properties of light associated with some optics to quantum mechanics. In practice, most of the optical phenomena can be calculated by using the electromagnetic nature of light, as described by Maxwell's equations.
Optics have identity, community, and the Conference itself. Aspects of science are often called optical science or optical physics. Applied Optical Sciences are often called optical engineering. Application of optical engineering which related specifically to the illumination system (illumination) is called a lighting engineering. Each discipline tends to be a little different in application, technical skills, focus, and professional affiliation. More recent innovations in optical engineering is often categorized as fotonika or optoelektronika. The boundaries between these fields and the "optics" are often not clear, and the term is used differently in different parts of the world and in various fields of industry.
Because of the wide application of the science of "light" for real-world application, the fields of optics and optical engineering tends to be highly interdisciplinary.
The science of Optics is part of a range of related disciplines including electrical engineering, physics, psychology, medicine (particularly Ophthalmology and optometry), and others. In addition, the most complete explanation about the behavior, as described in optical physics, not necessarily complicated for most problems, so a simple model can be used. This simple Model is sufficient to explain most optical phenomena as well as ignoring irrelevant behavior and/or is not detected on a system.
Understanding Measurement tools measure length, mass, and time
The measurement is the activity of comparing a quantity being measured using similar quantities to be used as the unit of measurement of the magnitude of the derivative, can be measured in two ways, directly and indirectly. Direct measurement of the measurement result is obtained directly, whereas indirect measurement is a measurement result note after calculate using the formula that corresponds to observation data.
THERE ARE SOME TOOLS MEASURE LENGTH ARE:
1. SLIDE RULE
2. CALIPER
3. SCREW MICROMETERS
MASS MEASUREMENT TOOL:
1. BALANCE of SITTING
2. BALANCE SHEET by ELECTRONIC GROUP
3. the BALANCE ARM
MEASURING TIME:
1. the STOPWACH
2. WATCHES
3. WALL CLOCK
** Basic Magnitudes is a unit of quantity has been defined in advance **
TERMS OF THE UNITS OF THE GOOD:
1. INTERNATIONALLY
2. the UNITS ALWAYS REMAIN
3. EASILY IMITATED and CAN BE REPRODUCED
*** Temperature is a measure of the degree of heat or cold an object **
*** A tool to measure the temperature of objects with precise and expressed with a number called a thermometer **Understanding Measurement tools measure length, mass, and time
The measurement is the activity of comparing a quantity being measured using similar quantities to be used as the unit of measurement of the magnitude of the derivative, can be measured in two ways, directly and indirectly. Direct measurement of the measurement result is obtained directly, whereas indirect measurement is a measurement result note after calculate using the formula that corresponds to observation data.
THERE ARE SOME TOOLS MEASURE LENGTH ARE:
1. SLIDE RULE
2. CALIPER
3. SCREW MICROMETERS
MASS MEASUREMENT TOOL:
1. BALANCE of SITTING
2. BALANCE SHEET by ELECTRONIC GROUP
3. the BALANCE ARM
MEASURING TIME:
1. the STOPWACH
2. WATCHES
3. WALL CLOCK
** Basic Magnitudes is a unit of quantity has been defined in advance **
TERMS OF THE UNITS OF THE GOOD:
1. INTERNATIONALLY
2. the UNITS ALWAYS REMAIN
3. EASILY IMITATED and CAN BE REPRODUCED
*** Temperature is a measure of the degree of heat or cold an object **
*** A tool to measure the temperature of objects with precise and expressed with a number called a thermometer **
OKULER LENS, the lens closer to the observer's eye lens serves to form a shadow maya, upright, and enlarged from the objective lens
OBJECTIVE LENS, this lens is close on the object that this lens forming observe, real shadows, upside down, on the zoom. Where this lens is set by the revolver to determine the magnification of the objective lens.
TUBE of the MICROSCOPE (TUBUS), this tube serves to set the focus and objective links with the okuler lens.
MAKROMETER (ROUGH PLAYER), makrometer serves to lower tube of the microscope ascending rapidly.
MICROMETERS (SMOOTH PLAYER), this control serves to raise and lower the microscope is slow, and the shape is smaller than makrometer.
REVOLVER, revolver serves to set the magnification of the objective lens by the way turn it around.
REFLECTORS, consisting of two types of flat mirrors and the mirror mirror concave. This serves to reflectors reflect light from the mirror to the table object through the hole in the table object and to the eyes of the observer. The flat mirror used when light in need are met, while if less light then used a concave mirror because it serves to collect light.
Diaphragm, serves to regulate many of the incoming light at least.
The CONDENSER, the condenser is working to gather the incoming light, this tool can rotate up and down.
TABLETOP microscope, serves as a place to put the object to be observed.
GLASS CLAMP, clamp it serves to clamp the glass overlay object so that it is not easy to shift.
ARM of the MICROSCOPE, serves as a pegangang on a microscope.
FOOT of MICROSCOPES, serves to support or prop up a microscope.
JOINT INCLINATION (ANGLE CONTROL), to adjust the angle or tegaknya a microscope.
The material is a Gas phase. As a liquid, gas has the ability to drain and may change form. But different from the liquid, a gas that is not stuck not charge a predetermined volume, instead they inflate and fill any room in which they are located. Motion energy/kinetic energy in a gas is a substance the greatest form of the second (after the plasma). Due to the addition of this kinetic energy, the gas atoms and molecules often bouncing off one another, let alone if the kinetic energy is growing.
The word "gas" possible created by a chemist of Flanders as the spelling of the word for Greece, pelafalannya chaos (chaos).
A Brief History Of The Development Of Oceanography
Preliminary information about the main ocean exploration and trade comes from thousands of years ago. Cruise-cruise that leaves little written information. The Polynesian nation has embarked on a trip to the Pacific to trade around 4000 BC They learn from the experience of ocean sailing. Note the first voyage made by the Pharaoh Snefru around 3200 b.c. In 2750 BC Hannu led an expedition of exploration was first documented from Egypt to the southern Arabian peninsula and the Red Sea.
Some travel the ocean then carried out in the 15th century. The voyage of continents and managed to find the Islands recently. After that, the researchers began to follow their footsteps. Researchers began conducting research on the wind pasat, gulf stream, monsoon and so on.
The first recorded scientific investigations carried out in the 17th century. Edmond Halley started the investigation system of ocean currents and wind in 1685. After that other theories began to appear such as wind theory pasat, UPS and downs, the meridional circulation of the sea, and others. In 1751, Henry Ellis found the cold water below the surface layer. This shows the water coming from the polar regions. From 1768-1779, Captain James Cook had done three times. One of the successes of their voyage is he made a sounding in the depths of up to 400 m (1300 ft) and to obtain the accurate observations of winds, currents and water temperature. His observation is accurate providing much valuable information that he was named as one of the founders of Oceanography. In the United States, Benjamin Franklin, a head post office succeeded in making the first map of the Gulf Stream using information that has been collected by sailing his cousin Timothy Folger, in 1769. Because the data is extremely valuable, being a cruise later in 1847, Matthew Fontaine Maury set international exchange environmental data practices, commercial log book to map and graph that is obtained from the data.
The akuratnya charts and more information going Ocean made many people interested in mengeksplornya. Charles Darwin joined in the research ship the Beagle and became a naturalist from 1831-1836. He described, collect and classify organisms from land and sea. His theories about the formation of atolls is still accepted today. After that research-research on marine life and organisms in water is continuously performed.
Oceanographic exploration continues to grow from time to time. In 1873, the Mariners started doing data gathering observations of wind, currents, waves, temperature and other phenomena that can be observed from the deck of the ship. This became the beginning of the development of the Surface Oceanography. In 1873-1914, the Deep-Sea Exploration Expedition initiated through to examine the condition of the surface and sub-surface. Second time this became the beginning of systematic studies of biology, chemistry, and physics of the ocean known as the Challenger Expedition (1872-1876)
In the early 20th century established the Marine Biological Laboratory, University of California. In 1910-1913, Vilhelm Bjerknes published a book with the title the Dynamic Meteorology and Hydrography that laid the cornerstone of Geophysical Fluid Dynamics. In that book, he developed the idea of fronts, dynamic, geostropik flow meter, air-sea interaction, and also the storm. The Systematic National Surveys began in 1925-1940 through detailed research on the area's colonization. Then in 1947-1956, the New Methods, start to do research using new tools, such as seismic research. At this time, theories such as the circulation of the ocean and the Equatorial undercurrent in the Pacific expressed. Later in 1957 to 1978, the International Cooperation begins with doing research and learning process of the multinational Ocean. Theory of circulation published Stommel in the sea. While Kirk Bryan and Michael Cox developed a numerical model of the circulation of the ocean first. After that in 1978-1995 began time of Satellites through the research process of the oceans from space. NASA launched the first oceanographic satellite called SEASAT. Don't stop until there, in 1992, NASA teamed with CNES has developed and launched the Topex/Poseidon satellite, a mapping of surface ocean currents, tidal wave, and every ten days. A year later, for the first time the Topex/Poseidon science team published a map of the global ups and downs are accurate. With the development of science and technology, in 1995 to the present, building the Earth System Science marked with an inquiry about biological interaction globally, chemistry, Ocean and atmospheric physical processes as well as on the surface of the soil use in situ and space data in numerical model *.
